著者
岩崎 学
出版者
一般社団法人 日本統計学会
雑誌
日本統計学会誌 (ISSN:03895602)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.2, pp.363-379, 2021-03-05 (Released:2021-03-05)
参考文献数
42

重回帰分析は疑いなく統計的データ解析手法の中で最も多く応用されるきわめて有用な手法である.しかしそれ故に誤用も多く見られることも事実である.本論文では,重回帰分析につき,その教科書的な記述に対し,実際問題への応用を意識した場合に重要と思われるいくつかの論点を統計的因果推論の観点から吟味し,それらに関する筆者の考えを述べる.また,重回帰分析の教育において,受講者の興味を引くであろういくつかのパラドクス的な例を紹介する.
著者
岩崎 学 吉田 清隆
出版者
日本計量生物学会
雑誌
計量生物学 (ISSN:09184430)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.2, pp.53-63, 2005-12-31 (Released:2011-09-30)
参考文献数
16
被引用文献数
5

For the occurrence of a rare event A such as a severe adverse drug reaction, there exists the “Rule of Three” to remind practitioners that “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.” The Rule of Three actually says that even if the event A was not observed among n patients it would be quite possible to observe three events among other n patients. The present paper examines this useful rule in detail and also extends it to a testing problem for occurrence probability of A.First, the Rule of Three is extended to the case that the number of the event observed among the first n patients is more than zero. We give rules that when k (> 0) events were observed among n patients, nk events would be possibly observed among other n patients. Next, a testing procedure is introduced to examine whether the occurrence probabilities of A for two populations are the same under the condition that k events were observed among n patients for one population. It will be shown that the relevant probability distribution is a negative binomial, and then critical regions for small k's are given. For a possible application of the procedure, we mention the signal detection for spontaneous reporting system of adverse drug reaction.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
一般社団法人 日本統計学会
雑誌
日本統計学会誌 (ISSN:03895602)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.2, pp.217-230, 2016-04-07 (Released:2017-01-27)
参考文献数
72
被引用文献数
1

ビッグデータの時代と言われる現在,統計家そして日本統計学会などの学術団体の果たす役割も変化しつつある.本稿では,筆者の直接の経験に基づき,これまでの統計家の歩んできた道およびいくつかの統計学上のトピックスを挙げ,これからの統計家の在り方を考える手立てとする.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
応用統計学会
雑誌
応用統計学 (ISSN:02850370)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.51, no.1-2, pp.43-54, 2022 (Released:2023-01-12)
参考文献数
36

昨今,統計・データサイエンスが大いに広がりを見せ,データ分析に携わる人々の数も増加しつつある.その中で,統計学の教育や訓練がやや不足がちの人たちもいることから,「因果」と「相関」について,特に回帰分析の枠組みで考える.また近年,オープンデータの利活用が話題となっている.この種のデータの特徴は,集計データであることである. そこで,集計データから個人の行動を推論する方法論としてのエコロジカルインファレンスが重要性を帯びてくる.本稿では,身近な例を取り上げ,それらの分析結果を提示すると共に,その解釈について詳しく議論する.特に,回帰分析の3つの役割である「記述」,「予測」,「制御」の違いを明確にすべきであることを強調する.また,それらのデータは集計データであることから,エコロジカルインファレンスのいくつかの技法を適用した結果も示す.例を2つ示したが,それらは全く同じ数値でありながらコンテクストが違うものである.したがって,解析の数値的な結果は全く同じであってもその解釈が異なっている. 本稿で伝えたいメッセージの第一は,データは数値と背景情報からなることという認識である.コンピュータのできるのは「数値解析」であり,「データ解析」を行うためには背景情報を十二分に吟味しなくてはいけないことを改めて伝えたい.
著者
佐野 文哉 岩崎 学
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, no.2, pp.199-207, 2017 (Released:2018-04-26)
参考文献数
17

Experimental study with random allocation of treatments is regarded as the gold standard for estimation of causal parameters in statistical causal inference. However, when non-compliance among participants exists in the experiment it is likely to result in biased estimates of the parameters of interest. This paper discusses a sensitivity analysis in the estimation of causal parameters under apparent non-compliance. A motivating example is shown that concerns students' performance in university lectures. A procedure of sensitivity analysis for the estimates of causal parameters is presented that incorporates existence of apparent non-compliers, who are genuine compliers but act as non-compliers. An example of such procedure is shown for the case considered.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
Japanese Society of Applied Statistics
雑誌
応用統計学 (ISSN:02850370)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, no.2, pp.67-80, 1994-01-20 (Released:2009-06-12)
参考文献数
54
被引用文献数
3 2
著者
佐藤 恵子 岩崎 学 菅波 秀規 佐藤 俊哉 椿 広計
出版者
日本計量生物学会
雑誌
計量生物学 (ISSN:09184430)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.1, pp.37-53, 2014-08-31 (Released:2014-10-15)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
1 1

All statisticians are expected to produce statistical outcomes of high quality and reliability. To ensure reliability in statistical performance and outcomes and to meet societal expectations, certain standards of conduct (SOC) must be established such that individual statisticians embrace their own principles and so that the community of statisticians as a whole functions with more self-control.In 2008, the Biometric Society of Japan began revision of the code of conduct, and the working group drafted an SOC. This particular draft re.ected the opinions of statisticians and the basic concepts which aligned well with ethical guidelines of the American Statistical Association and the International Statistical Institute. As forced guidelines rarely result in full compliance and increased ethical conduct, the SOC offers a framework to encourage individual biostatisticians to establish and hold their own principles and to act responsibly with integrity.The SOC comprises a preamble, mission statement, values, ten principles and background information. The draft SOC was approved by the Council of the Biometric Society of Japan in November 2013.The SOC will help statisticians improve their capacity to perform sound statistical practices, improve the working environment, cultivate the next generation of statisticians with professionalism, and acquire societal trust.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.26, no.1, pp.46-58, 1999-03-31 (Released:2010-06-28)
参考文献数
49
被引用文献数
2 3

Recent vast development of high-speed computer and large storing facilities together with network environment enables us to construct very large or sometimes huge databases such as giga-byte level. In order to extract novel, useful and also interpretable information from those databases, new technology becomes potentially important and being called for in various research and commercial fields. Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases(KDD)are the names given to such activity which involves database technology, machine learning, data visualization and statistics. Since we deal with data, statistics and statisticians are to be expected to play an essential role in data mining and KDD as well. Data mining, however, differs from traditional statistics on some dimensions, in which?gscale?his the most important one. The present paper first reviews recent achievement of data mining and KDD from a statistical viewpoint. Although some differences between data mining and traditional statistics are pointed out, it will be emphasized here that those two areas are closely related and should be recognized as complement to each other. Some important research areas are also discussed. One important message of this review is that statisticians should be involved in this new activity and should play a vital role in developing new methodologies and also in finding various application areas in practice.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.223-231, 2002-12-25

Various types of ranking are in evidence throughout the real world. In this paper, we consider in particular, the field of sports, where ranking is most common. The 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan, which took place in June 2002, and the winner was Brazil. Since Brazil's FIFA world ranking was 2 just before the tournament, this result seemed quite plausible. On the other hand, however, France (ranking 1), Argentine (ranking 2) and Portugal (ranking 5) were not able to go to Stage 2 (best 16). These facts raise a question as to whether the FIFA ranking is credible in predicting the winners. In order to assess the credibility of such ranking, we introduce a simple model in this paper. Our model, which is an extension of the so-called Bradley-Terry model, contains an unknown parameter which indicates the credibility of the ranking. For the 2002 FIFA World Cup data, we estimated the credibility parameter and concluded that the FIFA world ranking for the 2002 tournament data was more credible in Stage 2 than in Stage 1.
著者
阿部 貴行 稲葉 由之 岩崎 学
出版者
日本計算機統計学会
雑誌
計算機統計学 (ISSN:09148930)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.2, pp.79-94, 2007-02-28 (Released:2017-05-01)
参考文献数
22

多くの分野(例えば,標本調査,医学研究,工業実験等)において,研究者はっ様々な理由により不完全データに直面することが多い.したがって,研究者は,研究の計画段階から不完全データの対処法を検討する必要がある.このようなニーズに応える形で,近年,不完全データの統計解析ソフトウェアが増えている.本論文では,不完全データの統計解析を提供する6種類のソフトウェアの機能や特徴の比較検討を行い,使用目的に応じたソフトウェア選択に対する提案を行う.不完全データの統計解析手法として,主にEMアルゴリズム(Dempster et al., 1977)及びMultiple Imputation法(Rubin, 1987)に焦点を当てる.最後ら擬似乱数データを用いて各ソフトウェアの出力結果の比較検討を行い,統計手法間の結果の違いについても考察を行う.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
日本計算機統計学会
雑誌
計算機統計学 (ISSN:09148930)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.2, pp.41-56, 1991-12-01 (Released:2017-05-01)
被引用文献数
3

射影追跡は,多次元データのもつ特徴的な構造を,直線あるいは平面などの低次元空間に線形射影することによって探るデータ解析手法であり,コンピュータの計算能力およびそのグラフィック機能を活用するものである,本論文では,射影追跡の考え方ならびに実際の計算法を概観し,いくつかの例に適用した結果を報告する. 射影追跡は,射影の興味深さを表す射影指標と呼ばれる関数の最大値を与える射影を探し出すという手順で実行される.そして,射影の興味深さを非正規性としてとらえる点に特徴がある.また,射影追跡ならびにその考えに基づく多変量解析手法は,高次元空間ではデータ点間の距離が大きくなってしまうという「次元の呪い」を回避できる利点をもっている.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.2, pp.161-189, 1997-09-30 (Released:2010-06-28)
参考文献数
97

We are now observing quick and vast development of new non-linear methods for data analysis such as chaos and neural network in various scientific research fields. Those methods are also regarded as basic tools for the analysis in a still vaguely-defined research area called“complexity”It can be said that the development of such non-linear methodologies is no doubt inspired by recent rapid progress of high-speed computing facilities and graphical representation devices. The aim of the present article is two-fold. The first is to give a review of some recent development of chaos and artificial neural network(ANN)from a statistical viewpoint. Fundamental ideas and main features of chaos and ANN are shown with some illustrations of computer simulation. The second thing is, on the basis of past development of such methodologies, to mention some research topics which would be carried out near future in behaviormetrics and also in statistics, although such collection is of the author's personal view. In bibliography given at the end of the present article, research articles and review papers concerning non-linear methods appeared in main statistical journals after 1990 were collected and shown with short comments. Publications upon“complexity”for academic as well as for general readers are also listed. The list would be helpful for the reader to understand the basic idea of complexity and also to proceed his/her own research as well.
著者
岩崎 学 阿部 貴行
出版者
Japanese Society of Applied Statistics
雑誌
応用統計学 (ISSN:02850370)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.35, no.1, pp.49-60, 2006-07-30 (Released:2009-06-12)
参考文献数
8

打ち切りとトランケーションは,共に不完全データをもならす要因として,実際のデータ解析で遭遇することが多い.本論では,観測値xがある値c以下でのみ値が観測される場合について,切断点cを変化させることによる推定値への影響を考察する。cがパラメータの推定値に及ぼす影響を,尤度方程式から導かれる陰関数を用いて評価する.特に,応用上重要な指数分布および正規分布について,数値例を交えて詳しく議論する.陰関数の吟味により,打ち切りとトランケーションでは切断点cの影響が逆向きであること,およびトランケーションの場合にはcの影響が観測データ数に依存しないことを示す.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
特定非営利活動法人 横断型基幹科学技術研究団体連合
雑誌
横幹 (ISSN:18817610)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.4, no.2, pp.97-100, 2010 (Released:2016-03-21)
参考文献数
4

The Japan Statistical Society is a professional society of statisticians founded in 1931. The mission of the society is to promote excellence in statistical research and research training, in statistical education, and in the practice of statistics as well. In this article, after a brief review of its long history the present activities of the society are presented such as academic journal publications, organization of annualmeetings, international affairs and also awarding of distinguished statisticians, among others. Future directions that the society aims to are also discussed.
著者
岩崎 学 廉 民善
出版者
日本行動計量学会
雑誌
行動計量学 (ISSN:03855481)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.34, no.1, pp.91-100, 2007 (Released:2007-05-30)
参考文献数
17
被引用文献数
3 3

An analysis method is considered that concerns count data with zero truncation, i.e. frequencies of occurrence of an event greater than or equal to 1 are only reported and the frequency of zero occurrence is not available. Relationship between the counts of occurrences of two related events is particularly interested. Such relationship is modeled by a bivariate gamma-Poisson distribution in this paper. To estimate the unknown parameters involved in the model, a simple method based on sample means is proposed. The estimation procedure is applied to some real datasets and interpretations of the results obtained are given. An additional point emphasized in this paper is that the frequency of zero count is not always trusted even the number is reported.
著者
岩崎 学
出版者
公益社団法人日本数学教育学会
雑誌
日本数学教育学会誌 (ISSN:0021471X)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.2, pp.26-30, 1996-02-01
被引用文献数
1