著者

笠原 弘義

出版者

麗澤大学経済学会

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.19-29, 2006-09

著者

目黒 昭一郎

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.56-71, 2011-03-10

---

Health care field is one of the focused fields in Japanese economy because of the potential opportunities to develop new businesses based on rapidly advancing information and communication technologies(ICT) in Japan.In this article,the author demonstrated how large industrial organization embedded the health care business, which was far different from the existing businesses,in a broad-based and highly systemic way by presenting the strategic concept which conceptually made up of three nested layers-market space,business space and organizational space-.To challenge these business developments,the author presents key agenda,and also describes the basic thoughts and methods,which are common across almost all the new business development,based on more than twenty years frontline experience in operating and managing health care businesses.

著者

趙 家林

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.53-78, 2007-09

---

EMH (Efficient Market Hypothesis) assume all the information are reflected in price so the effort try to finding hidden value seems only west time. But the history of boom and bust in financial market show that the prices of capital assets are not always reflect the intrinsic value. We review the three schools of investment and discuss the relation between risk and return. Because the real investment risk is the danger of a loss of quality and earning power through economic changes or deterioration in management, so the risk shall not be measured by the percent of price variability. And the idea of risk management based on rational market price and beta shall be abandoned.

著者

中島 真志

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.97-112, 2007-09

---

The year of 2007 will be remembered as the beginning of the second development stage of electronic money (e-money) in Japan. This is because of the introduction of three new e-money, namely PASMO, nanaco and WAON, in addition to the two prevailing e-money of Edy and Suica. In this paper, the definition and characteristics of e-money are discussed in Section 1. The most important point is the judgment that e-money is not a new type of money but a new type of payment instrument. In Section 2, the similarities and differences between Edy and Suica are examined in order to clarify the structures and features of e-money in Japan. Edy is managed by bitWallet Inc. and Suica is issued by East Japan Railway Company. Both e-money are issued by private companies, use the same contactless IC technology of FeliCa, set the upper limit of charge, and adopt Closed Loop scheme. Some differences are pointed out, including traffic-oriented card vs. multi-purpose card and three-cornered model vs. four-cornered model. These discussions are followed by the introduction of three new e-money in Section 3. PASMO is issued by private railway and bus companies and has total interoperability with Suica. WAON and nanaco are issued by major retailer, AEON and Seven & I Holdings, respectively. In Section 4, the background of the development and spread of e-money in Japan is discussed. Several factors such as the wide usage of cash settlement, and the underdeveloped stage of Debit Card are indicated. As the last part of this paper, the future developments of e-money in Japan are discussed, which include the change of e-money media from the card to the mobile phone, the move to standardize e-money terminal, the usage of both prepaid e-money and postpaid credit service on the same mobile phone, and the growing recognition on the economic merit of e-money. With these tendencies, it is predicted that the e-money will be used much more widely in Japan in the future.

著者

花枝 美恵子

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.45-61, 1999-03

---

The question of what is the appropriate way of rewarding shareholders has gained widespread public attention in both Japan and Germany in recent years. Against this background of growing attention, the Japanese and German business and academic communities are addressing themselves to matters of responsiveness to shareholders. While much emphasis is thereby placed on how to change traditional practices in rewarding share-holders, less emphasis is placed on the fundamental question of why both Japanese and German MNEs should change their traditional practices. The aim of this study is to figure out the reasons that necessitate such changes in corporate attitudes among globally focused Japanese and German MNEs. The paper proceeds in the following way: Chapter 1 outlines the main features of responses to shareholders commonly practiced by Japanese and German MNEs vis-a-vis their American counterparts and concludes that there are two basic rewarding models: a unichannel-oriented model and a multichannel-oriented model. It then, explains to what extent the differences observed are claimed to be a result of significant differences in institutional factors (e.g. importance of main bank system, formal and informal network of long-term relationships among the stakeholders, common in both Japanese and German industries). Chapter 2 explores the relations between the ways of rewarding shareholders described above and the internationalization of the MNEs' businesses. Examining the dynamism embedded in the MNEs' international businesses, the paper tries to evaluate a growing importance of the interfirm collaboration for MNEs on one hand, and their increasing exposure to global institutional investors on the other. Referring to the former point, it is explained why MNEs tend to employ interfirm transactions in preference to arm's length transactions and internal organization to secure external resources. However as to the latter point, it explains why MNEs might increasingly tap international capital markets in parallel with their golbalization. Providing a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanisms which transmit the impacts of internationalization on the corporate practices in rewarding shareholders; Chapter 3 first explains how such transmission mechanisms work theoretically and second, investigates under which conditions the expected impacts would actually be transmitted to the end and under which ones, they would not. The study draws three main conclusions: First, internationalization in various respects is considered to be the factor that most probably would bring about a change in corporate practices of rewarding shareholders. Nevertheless, as the survey showed, there might still be some cases in the future in which the multichannel-oriented rewarding model, prevailing in both Japan and Germany, might not fail to fulfill its function. Third, other indirect factors such as institutional changes in money and capital markets are also likely to push both Japanese and German MNEs to change their traditional practices and to be more responsive to shareholders.

著者

高 巖 Iwao Taka

出版者

麗澤大学経済学会

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.57-66, 2010-03

---

In this article, we describe how management philosophy affects corporate performance.For this purpose, we conducted experimental and statistical analyses on two corporations and clarified causal relationships between management philosophy and members' performance(their commitment, motivation, contribution, etc.).At the beginning, we introduced three variables, which make it easier for us to understand how individuals treat management philosophy: (1) reflecting philosophy on actual behavior, (2)knowing and understanding philosophy, and (3) having sympathy for philosophy.Using the results of the experimental research, we explore a persuasive model, which satisfactorily explains how those variables indirectly affect corporate performance via other factors. Second, with this model, we describe, for example, the way senior officers treat management philosophy influences the extent to which followers accept the philosophy. We also suggest that a sense of unity and solidarity helps members take the philosophy seriously. Third, we discuss how management philosophy triggers innovative behavior in organizations.The point we have tried to make in this article is that the more deeply and widely management philosophy permeates an organization, the higher and the stronger performance (of individuals) could be achieved.

著者

中島 真志

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.79-92, 2007-03

---

A payment system is a mechanism that facilitates smooth transfer of funds among financial institutions. Generally, it consist of a set of instruments, procedures, rules and technical bases, like computers and networks. Payment systems are the important social infrastructures that support the whole national economic activities and financial transactions. Payment systems are classified into two categories: "central bank operating systems" and "private-owned systems". Payment systems are also broken down into "large-value payment systems" and "retail payment systems", according to the amount of payments processed. Generally, a large-value payment system operated by a central bank is the most important payment system in a country, which handles the interbank fund transactions, the payments for government bond, and the transactions between central bank and private financial institutions. Coincidentally, the two enhancement projects of large-value payment system operated by central banks are developing in EU and Japan. In Japan, Bank of Japan is working on "RTGS-XG project", on the other hand, European Central Bank is promoting "TARGET2 Project". It is quite interesting that these two projects are similarly named as "Next Generation RTGS Project". Both projects have something in common in the point that both payment systems are evolving from the "pure RTGS systems" to the "integrated systems". First of all, this paper gives a summary account of the two Next Generation RTGS Projects in EU and Japan. Then, the characterization and positioning of the Next Generation RTGS systems in the evolutionary process of large-value payment systems would be discussed.

著者

大橋 照枝

出版者

麗澤大学

雑誌

麗澤経済研究 (ISSN:09196706)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.19-34, 2007-09

---

The HSM was advocated by Ohashi in 2000, and then in 2005 a joint researcher Dr. Hong X. Nguyen joined the effort to develop the indicator, until Ver. 3. This paper deals with the "Human Satisfaction Measure (HSM), a sustainable social welfare indicator. The paper covers the following elements: (1) Examining two papers (Easterlin, 2003 and Vemuri/Costanza, 2006) that have been advocated as the nature of happiness or a measure of satisfaction; (2) Suggesting that it is indispensable to incorporate the "sustainable development or sustainability" as a indicator of satisfaction or happiness; (3) Demonstrating the superiority of the HSM through the comparison among seven international indicators including the HSM in terms of the "sustainable development" or sustainability; (4) Reviewing the versions 3-(1) and (2) of HSM using "distance to target (DtT) method, developed in 2005, and referring to the ambiguity of sustainability in Japan that the version 3-(2), in particular, indicates; and (5) Aiming at the upgrade of a weighted research using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method so as to put the version 3 of the HSM into practical use as an indicator for policy planning.