著者

津田 徹英

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.418, pp.1-37, 2016-03-18

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The Ichiryû sôshô keizu ( 一流相承系図, Illustrated School Lineage, hereinafter referred to as the Illustrated Lineage) was solely used by the Meikô sect of the medieval period Shinran School, headquartered in Kamakura, as they expanded their activities to Kyoto and western Japan. The Illustrated Lineage was intended to provide a visual representation of the teachings of Shinran (1173-1263), founder of the Jôdo Shinshû Pure Land Buddhist School, which had been inherited by Meikô and were in turn conveyed to his followers. It presents an array of seated portraits across the horizontal handscroll format, with red lines connecting the individual figures. Thus the document clearly presents the connections within the lineage. When the Illustrated Lineage is used in a consideration of extant artworks, it is apparent that it was first used by the community at Bukkôji, developed by the Meikô sect and founded in Kyoto by Ryôgen (1285-1336). There are many instances where the Ichiryû sôshô keizu is known by the alternate name Ekeizu ( 絵系図, Portrait Lineage). However the Ekeizu title is a naming that appears in a criticism of the creation of the Illustrated Lineage by Kaku'nyo (1270-1351), the leader of the Honganji community that stood in opposition to the Bukkôji community. The section titled "Jodai" ( 序題, Preface), attached to the beginning of the Illustrated Lineage since its formation, uses the Ichiryû sôshô keizu title, and thus we should consider that the presenter and recipients of the scroll thought of it in those terms. Today there are seven extant versions of the Illustrated Lineage that were used by the Meikô sect. Four of those works have a preface brushed by Zonkaku (1290-1373). Of those four, the version handed down at Bukkôji, Kyoto (hereinafter referred to as the Bukkôji version) which has a preface dated to 1326 (Kareki 1), can be seen as best conveying the appearance of the original. However, today the Bukkôji version is made up of eight sheets of paper. From the fourth sheet onwards the scroll consists of sections pasted from two other illustrated lineage types. Originally the section from the fourth sheet onwards (hereinafter referred to as the Chôshôin version) was separated and handed down at Chôshôin, located in front of Bukkôji. A closer examination of the Bukkôji version and the Chôshôin version detached from it reveals an admixture of laymen and women among the seated images of priests and nuns, and this is the only extant version with this feature. This admixture corresponds to one of Kaku'nyo's criticisms of the Bukkôji community found his Kaijashô (Impeaching Misconception). However, it shows the original style of the Illustrated Lineage, so the Bukkôji version and its detached Chôshôin version can be seen as indicating the original appearance of the Illustrated Lineage. In the current survey of the Chôshôin version, the author made a number of discoveries not mentioned in previous surveys or studies of the work. This article clarifies the production process of the Chôshôin version based on these new discoveries. In addition, the article goes on to mention the Illustrated Lineage version preserved at Kôshôji, Hiroshima (hereinafter referred to as the Kôshôji version) that was the subject of a similar survey. Through the examination of these two versions, the author confirmed that the portraits presented in seated form in the illustrated lineages employed the visages of then contemporary priests, nuns and laypeople (figures shown without the shaved pate of priests) and can thus suggest that the Illustrated Lineage should be understood as part of the nise-e(likeness portrait) category of medieval Japanese painting. In both the Chôshôin version and the Kôshôji version of the Illustrated Lineage, the garments and composition of the figures are all drawn in the same stereotypical patterns. Thus the only individuality of the portraits can be found in the depiction of the faces. This characteristic is also seen in the retsu'ei zukan (handscrolls presenting seated portrait images of past emperors and ministers). I would like to emphasize here that it is only the faces in nise-e works that reflect the appearance of the actual subject. In fact, this feature of nise-e is not generally understood. This fact reminds us of the "Nyusai kanzatsu" (Nyusai's observation) scene in the Shinran den e (Illustrated Biography of Shinran), which was planned and accompanied by text written by the abovementioned Kaku'nyo. Only Shinran's face appears in that scene, his whole body is not depicted. This can be said to correctly convey how nise-e were produced. In addition, if we also consider that the Illustrated Lineage is presented as a handscroll of seated portraits, then that handling can clearly be linked to the lineage of the above-mentioned retsu'ei zukan scrolls of seated portraits of past emperors and ministers.