- 著者
-
服部 比呂美
- 雑誌
- 無形文化遺産研究報告 = Research and Reports on Intangible Cultural Heritage
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.2, pp.264-230, 2008-03-31
This paper considers the establishment of folk techniques in cities by discussing the details of decorations and offerings accompanying hina dolls during hinamatsuri (doll's festival) in Shonai district. In the castle town of Tsuruoka and the mercantile city of Sakata during the modern period, daimyo lords, shipping agents, wealthy merchants and wealthy farmers bought the most luxurious hina dolls from Kyoto and Edo. Today, these dolls are exhibited to the public and are accompanied by hinagashi, or colorful hina sweets, and oshie-hinagashi, or padded cloth pictures, imitating hinagashi. As the doll's festival approaches, one can find at shops in the Shonai district which sell Japanese sweets, assortments of various kinds of sweets such as aruhei (candy), rakugan (sugar cake) and nerikiri (sweet bean cake), which are valued for their outstanding decorativeness. A study of hinagashi in various parts of Japan as recorded in documents of the modern period shows that there was a difference in the kinds of sweets used as hinagashi. For example, although yomogimochi (mugwort-flavored rice cake) and hishimochi (diamond-shaped rice cake in three layers of red, white and green) were used throughout the country, hinagashi like rakugan made to look like birds or fish were found only in the Kinki and eastern Shikoku districts. In a document recording the annual events of the warrior class in Tsuruoka, it is written that "hiina no kashi" (literally, sweets for hina dolls) were bought from a sweets shop in the castle town. It may be said, then, that such custom of hinagashi has been continued until today. It is the techniques of the Japanese sweets makers, especially those who were able to respond to the demands of the upper class warriors and wealthy merchants, that were responsible in continuing this tradition. Generally, decorations and offerings used in annual events of the farming districts were made at home while those used in the cities were made at neighboring farming districts. However, in cities having sophisticated culture and ample economic power, a variety of decorations and offerings for annual events were developed by specialists. Furthermore, in castle towns where the differences in family status and economic power created social order of the district, hinamatsuri held at home to which people were invited was the occasion to display the family's status and economic power. It is also believed that hinamatsuri became a place for Japanese sweets makers to compete in their skills. The people who made oshie-hinagashi, on the other hand, were thought to be women who learned sewing as part of their school education after the Meiji period. They showed their sewing skills by making decorations and offerings. Moreover, it is believed that they played a role in spreading decorations and offerings for hina dolls to areas surrounding the city of Tsuruoka. In the Shonai district many kinds of decorations and offerings other than hinagashi and oshie-hinagashi have been decorated and offered at hinamatsuri. These include such things as kasafuku, or strings of lucky objects hung from parasols, and gotenmari, or hand-embroidered balls. It may be said that this tradition is a concrete example of how decorations and offerings take root in close relation with the life of the people and that in it one can see a glimpse of the common people's desire to rise in the world.