著者

Hideyuki Kobayashi

出版者

The International Academy of Strategic Management

雑誌

Journal of Strategic Management Studies (ISSN:18839843)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.49-66, 2022-09-25 (Released:2022-09-25)

参考文献数

19

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Toyota’s long-term refusal to seriously develop battery EVs has allowed Tesla and other companies to outpace it, causing problems with the company’s dynamic managerial capability. Toyota has subsequently changed its stance, adopting an “omnidirectional strategy” and shifting to a policy that focuses on battery EVs, while beginning to pursue competitors, using appropriate product and cost strategies. Toyota’s range and battery costs are believed to be about two years behind those of Tesla.Toyota has always had excellent management capabilities, including sound operations management and a well-structured management-control system. If Toyota can demonstrate its dynamic managerial capabilities by adopting appropriate product and cost strategies, it will eventually be able to offer cars that achieve the same performance as those made by Tesla and other automakers at a similar price. When such products compete on the same playing field, Toyota’s carefully cultivated reliability and durability could surpass those of Tesla. However, Tesla is rapidly improving its Ordinary Capabilities, so one cannot be too optimistic.

著者

Akihiko Wada Hiroki Yokoo Toshihiko Yanagita Hideyuki Kobayashi

出版者

The Japanese Pharmacological Society

雑誌

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (ISSN:13478613)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.4, pp.307-321, 2005 (Released:2005-12-17)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

104 122

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In addition to the well-documented mood-stabilizing effects of lithium in manic-depressive illness patients, recent in vitro and in vivo studies in rodents and humans have increasingly implicated that lithium can be used in the treatment of acute brain injuries (e.g., ischemia) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, tauopathies, and Huntington’s disease). Consistent with this novel view, substantial evidences suggest that depressive illness is not a mere neurochemical disease, but is linked to gray matter atrophy due to the reduced number/size of neurons and glia in brain. Importantly, neurogenesis, that is, birth/maturation of functional new neurons, continues to occur throughout the lifetime in human adult brains (e.g., hippocampus); the neurogenesis is impaired by multiple not-fully defined factors (e.g., aging, chronic stress-induced increase of glucocorticoids, and excitotoxicity), accounting for brain atrophy in patients with depressive illness and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic treatment of lithium, in agreement with the delayed-onset of mood-stabilizing effects of lithium, up-regulates cell survival molecules (e.g., Bcl-2, cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Grp78, Hsp70, and β-catenin), while down-regulating pro-apoptotic activities (e.g., excitotoxicity, p53, Bax, caspase, cytochrome c release, β-amyloid peptide production, and tau hyperphosphorylation), thus preventing or even reversing neuronal cell death and neurogenesis retardation.