著者

林 敏 Min Lin

出版者

国際仏教学大学院大学

雑誌

仙石山論集 = Sengokuyama Journal of Buddhist Studies (ISSN:13494341)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.79-113, 2004-09-30

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I. Brief Introductory StudyA. A survey of the original textThis information about original text is based on the photocopies (No.10-23) of "Dr. Tōru Haneda羽田亨 Depiction of the Collections of Xiyu Unearthed Historical Documents" stored at Haneda Museum. But as I had no access to the photos myself, I had to rely on Prof. Toshinori Ochiai's 落合俊典 own handnotes. The Foshuo zhaoming pusa jing first appears in the "Suspicious or Apocryphal Sutras" section of the Fa jing lu法經録 scroll 2 (594A.D). Later, it is mentioned in the Ren shou lu仁壽録 (602), Datang neidian lu大唐内典録 (664), Da zhou lu 大周録 (695), Kai yuan lu 開元録 (730), Zheng yuan lu 貞元録 (800), etc. In all these, it is considered as a suspicious or apocryphal sutras. Because of this reason, it did not appear in the official Canon for more than a thousand year until it was discovered in the Dunhuang. However, the text has not been published so far. In fact, it had something to do with the famous Dunhuang collector Li Shengduo李盛鐸 (1856-1937) who was then a high official during the Qing Dynasty. Li took advantage of his postion and privately stored and collected many works discovered at Dunhuang. This sutra was among those texts. According to Prof.Toshinori Ochiai's research, this text was bought by a Japanese businessman during World War II. It was then stored in an institution of a certain Japanese company, but it was not made accessible to the public. Fortunately, a well-known Japanese historical linguist Dr. Tōru Haneda (1882-1955), was allowed to research the text and recorded it in his description: "A Catalogue of Dunhuang Secret Works." Dr. Tōru Haneda's study was also included in his Catalogue. He also had the text block-printed. This edition is based on photocopies of Dr. Tōru Haneda's collection photocopies No.10-23, P932.During World War II, research had to stop, and the 17 cases of collection were transferred to Hyōgo-ken, Taki-gun, Ōyama-son兵庫縣多紀郡大山村. Later Dr. Tōru Haneda committed them to the care of Dr. Zenryū Tsukamoto 塚本善隆 (1898-1980), and Dr . Zenryū Tsukamoto to Dr. Tairyō Makita 牧田諦亮. In 1998, Dr. Tairyō Makita agreed to make pubic the Catalogue of Danhuang Secret Works. Prof. Ochiai has published a series of studies on this collection. This catalogue has two volumes. In volume I it records 736 works, and volume II lists 432 texts. This represents the same amount as Mr.Wang Chongming's Lishi jianchang dunhuang xueben mulu 李氏鑒藏敦煌寫本目録 of the "Dunhuang yishu sanlu敦煌遺書散録" of the "Dunhuang yishu zongmulu suoyin敦煌遺書總目録索引". From Dr. Haneda catalogue we can get a general idea about Li Shengduo's original text. No.84 of the catalogue says: "the Foshuo Zhaoming pusa jing written in the Six Dynasties." On the margin of page 2 of the photographs (No.10-23) of the Zhaoming pusa jing stored in Haneda Museum has a seal stating: "Dunhuang Stone Cave Secret Works" On the left bottom on page 10 there is a seal reading "Li Shengduo, my family and my relatives make offerings to the Buddha."B. Format of the Zhaoming Pusa jingThe above mentioned depiction which is stored at the Haneda Museum and called "Dr. Haneda's Depiction of the Collections of Historical Documents Unearthed in the Western Regions" contains photographs No.10-23 which end with the characters "the Foshuo Zhaoming Pusa jing ". The size and shape must be similar to the original text. This manuscript has only one scroll. Its cover folio is missing, and it is neatly written in regular-style caligraphy, with some traces of lishu style. One page contains 23 lines to 28 lines. The details are as follows: On the 1st page there are 2 lines (missing line to line 2); on the 2nd, 28 lines (line 3 to 30); on the 3rd, 28 lines (line 31 to 58); on the 4th, 23 lines (line 59 to 81); on the 5th, 23 lines (line 82 to 104); on the 6th, 23 lines (line 105 to 127); on the 7th, 23 lines (line 128 to 150); on the 8th, 3 lines (line 151 to 173); on the 9th, 23 lines (line 174 to 196); on the 10th, 11 lines (line 197 to 207). There are 158 lines with each 17 words,49 lines with 20 words, and 8 lines with 16 words, thus the 207 lines, have a total of 3,565 words.C. Previous Research on the SutraMr Eiichi Matsumoto松本榮一was the first scholar who studied the sutra. In his Dunhuang huade yanjiu敦煌畫的研究 chapter I, section II, there are several pictures, one of them being Ryōchyū's 良忠 "Guang jing xu wen zhuan tong ji觀經序文義傳通記" which cites part of the Zhaoming Pusa jing. Huiyuan, Zhiyi, Jicang, Shandao also list and make comparasions in their notes. They conclude that the pictures are from the Zhaoming Pusa jing. In his ground-breaking contribution at the International Conference commemorating the l00th anniversary of the discovery of Dunhuang caves, Prof. Ochiai discussed the Zhaoming pusa jing and Dr. Haneda's depiction "A Catalogue of Dunhuang Secret Works". He comes to the following conclusions: 1. The Zhaoming pusa jing is listed a "Suspicious or Apocryphal Sutras" in the traditional catalogues. 2. The Zhaoming pusa jing is an important historical document for the Chinese Pure Land Buddhism. 3. The sutra was compiled during a period of intensive debates on Buddhist philosophy, between the early 5th and the middle 6th century.D. The Contents of the Zhaoming Pusa jingThe opening part of the Zhaoming Pusa jing is missing. But we can see that its organization is different from the traditional three-part style: preface, purport and entrusting the circulation of the sutra. It consists of questions and replies between the the Zhaoming pusa and the Buddha. Ānanda 阿難と Śāriputra 舎利佛appear twice. Its doctrinal contents are very complicated, showing influences from such classical sutras as Pure Land, Nirvāṇa-, Prajñāpāramitā-, Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-, Avataṃsaka-, and Vimalakīrti-sūtra. Its main tenet is that the Buddha-nature already exists in everyone's mind. Everyone can reach the highest destination of great wisdom and enlightenment if one sincerely confesses one's sins to the Buddha, strictly obeys religious regulations, believes in retribution, chants the scriptures and the name of the Buddha, bathes in the Prajñā brightness, and enters the Buddha-nature. The purpose of the sutra is to help the common believer to find wisdom and enlightenment, and also to promote morality with the hope of finding happiness in this life and the next rebirths. It can be divided into the following sections: 1. From the beginning to line 19, they are questions and replies between the Zhaoming Pusa and Buhhda. The main teaching is that if a man does not practice love-kindness and obey religious regulations, he cannot maintain his human existence, will not become enlightened and cannot free himself. It will be impossible for him to get enlightened and to free himself, as the Zhaoming Pusa did. 2. Line 20 to line 56: mention all phenomena 萬法i.e., the five senses and consciousness, the six aspects六事 of the mindfulness of breathing, the eighteen characteristics peculiar to the Buddha, and the sixty-two perverted views, etc., arise on the basis of mind. If one sincerely confesses his sins to the Buddha, he will not fall into the hell. 3. Line 57 to line 67: the Zhaoming Pusa asks Buddha about chanting this sutra and praying to the Buddha .Buddha says it can prevent followers from falling into the Three Bad Destinies 三途, and help them to obtain Buddha's wisdom. 4. Line 68 to line 94: relate the story of Aṣatāśatru's killing his father. The sutra teaches us that sincere confession can help get rid of one's sin. It serves as an emphasis of the idea of retribution. 5. Line 95 to line 147: the sutra stresses that all living creatures have the Buddha-nature in their minds. If they listen to or chant this sutra, they will surely attain wisdom. 6. Line 148 to line 207: the Buddha explains why and how one can obtain the Dharma power and teaches the Zhaoming Pusa 250 discipline rules and three thousand monastic regulations 三千威儀.II. The text of the Zhaoming Pusa jing is contained in Li Shengduo's Collection (not summarised here): please refer to the Japanese version of this paper p.86-106.