1 0 0 0 OA 2020年に長崎県で見つけたクモの覚え書き
The author reports some observational cases herein about spiders found from Nagasaki Prefecture in 2020. A juvenile of a running crab spider Philodromus subaureolus was collected from a leaf of Palmae gen. sp. Its molting was observed 4 days later. An individual of a wandering spider Orthobula crucifera was collected on azalea (Rhododendron sp.). The ant-mimicking spiders, Myrmarachne elongata and Myrmarachne japonica, were collected. A cannibalism of jumping spiders of Salticidae gen. sp. was observed on a flower of azalea. A male individual of Nurscia albofasciata was found on the street. Heteropoda venatoria (an introduced species) was aware in the author’s room of the apartment. An individual of Ebrechtella tricuspidata, one of crab spiders known as a sit-and-wait (ambush) predator, was upon a sunflower Helianthus annuus. An adult female cross spider Argiope amoena captured a large cicada Cryptotympana facialis. It was previously reported that individuals of the prey items foraged by A. amoena are mainly composed of Hymenoptera and Platypleura kaempferi, a small cicada, was the only species of Cicadoidea recorded as the prey of A. amoena. A crab spider Thomisus labefactus was on a leaf of Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonicaat late September. An adult male trapdoor spider Latouchia typica, one of near threatened species, was found on a wall of the apartment. For near one year, the author had observed wasp spider Argiope bruennichi; an egg sac was discovered in the winter, some stabilimenta of vertical zigzag-lined and disc-shaped were found. Moreover, remarkable decorations such as mass-centered one and zigzag-lined combined with disc-shaped were also found. Molting and sexual cannibalism of them were observed and additionally, an alive individual was found in spite of in late December too.
1 0 0 0 OA 真正クモ類(クモ綱:クモ目)の性フェロモン,カイロモン,化学擬態および抗菌ペプチド
The present review focuses on the chemoecology of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). All cases of spider sex pheromones, kairomones, defensive and offensive chemical mimicries, and antimicrobial peptides reported previously in literature are described herein. Although ca. 49 thousand spider species are recognized globally, only 11 spider sex pheromones (contact or airborne) have only been identified from seven species. In addition, almost all the sex pheromones are released by females to attract males, while only one sex pheromone is released by males to appease females. To date, 17 spider species have been reported to have kairomones, which facilitate the searching and evaluation of prey. Chemical mimicry, which facilitates camouflage and protects against parasites in ant colonies, has also been observed among myrmecophile spiders. Additionally, aggressive chemical mimicry has been reported in bolas spiders, which attract moths using kairomones that mimic the sex pheromones of the targets. Four types of antimicrobial peptides that protect spiders from microorganisms have also been reported. Although some researchers have demonstrated the antimicrobial activities of spider web threads, the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity remain unclear. The chemoecology of spiders remains poorly understood considering their diversity; therefore, further studies are required in the future.