著者

ディバイン アレクサンドラ キャロル アリシア ナイヴァル サイナミリ セル センミリア

出版者

The Nippon Foundation Paralympic Support Center

雑誌

日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンターパラリンピック研究会紀要 (ISSN:24326100)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.43-62, 2018 (Released:2019-08-01)

参考文献数

14

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国連の「障害者の権利に関する条約」(CRPD)が採択されてから10年経つ現在でも,引き続き多くの障がい者が,開発のためのスポーツ活動を含め,彼らのコミュニティの社会経済生活や日常生活から排除される経験をしている。スポーツが,開発プロセスおよび個人や集団の健康促進のために寄与できる特有な性質を持っていることは認識されている。ただし,開発のためのスポーツが,障がい者の包摂に役立っているか否か,またそれがどのように役立っているかを示す根拠は,ほとんど存在していない。「障害者の権利に関する条約」は,障がい者のあらゆる人権の完全かつ平等な享受を促進,保護,および確保する国の義務をうたっている。これには,文化的な生活,レクリエーション,余暇およびスポーツ活動への参加(第30条),ならびに国際協力における障がい者の包容(第32条)が含まれる。障がいのある人もない人も共に集うのことのできるポジティブな社会をつくるためのスポーツ・プログラムは,障がい者の能力に対する否定的な思い込みに立ち向かうことによって,より包摂的なコミュニティに貢献するものである。このことは,障がい者が世界の舞台で競うパラリンピックにおいて,とりわけ顕著にみることができる。本稿では,スポーツ開発プログラムにおける障がい者の包摂を効果的に促進する要素に着目する。ここでは,オーストラリア政府の「スポーツを通した開発」戦略に関する2015年の評価をエビデンスとして使用する。これは,オーストラリア・スポーツ・コミッションの太平洋におけるオーストラリア・スポーツ・アウトリーチ・プログラムの管理下で実行された評価である。定性的面接とフォーカス・グループ・ディスカッションのひとつは,障がいのある,またない主催者と参加者,スポーツに参加している障がいのある子どもを持つ家族を対象に行われた。スポーツへの参加が,自尊心,健康,幸福,社会包摂を改善すると報告された。包摂を妨げる主な要因には,偏見,差別,移動時に不可欠なアクセシビリティとスポーツ施設の不足,補助的な器具の不足といった障がい者特有のニーズが含まれる。スポーツ開発において障がいのある人々が最も効果的に包摂されるのは,仲間内での励まし,スポーツ・プログラムの様々な場面における障がい者の意義ある参加とリーダーシップ,社会的かつ競合的な進路が用意されたときである。

著者

昇 亜美子

出版者

公益財団法人 日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンター

雑誌

日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンターパラリンピック研究会紀要 (ISSN:24326100)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.17-39, 2019 (Released:2019-07-22)

参考文献数

77

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A precursor to the Paralympics was the Stoke Mandeville Games, and it is well known that one of its major objectives was to provide treatment to military personnel and to support their reintegration into civilian society. While the Paralympics subsequently developed as an elite sports competition, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of disabled war veterans taking part. As a form of rehabilitation for military personnel, the Paralympics can be seen as having come full circle. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the US: at the 2018 Paralympics in Pyeongchang, veterans made up 24.3% of the entire US team. Behind that development is the increase in the number of disabled veterans resulting from the various wars against terror that America has fought since the 9/11 attacks in 2001. This increase has resulted in an expanding medical and welfare bill that puts pressure on US government finances, and delays in diagnosis and treatment in veterans hospitals have emerged as a major social and political problem. Veterans in the US number more than 20 million, constituting a major political force that can even affect the outcome of presidential elections, and how veterans are treated has become an election issue in recent years. One of the various policies that the U.S. goverment agencies such as U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs have adopted to deal with this increase in disabled veterans has been to encourage individuals to take part in adaptive sports. Since the mid 2000s there has been an expansion in programs specifically designed for military individuals, undertaken in close cooperation with the US Olympic Committee. In particular with the passing of the Veterans’ Benefits Improvement Act of 2008, various programs were launched to provide grant to organizations that run adaptive sports programs for disabled veterans and to pay monthly training allowance to disabled veterans with Paralympics-level competition skills. What effects will these sorts of proactive government policies have on the Paralympics and adaptive sports in the future? First, we can argue that they will contribute to the growth and development of the Paralympics and adaptive sports as a whole. The US Olympic Committee and other sports organizations will be strengthened on the financial front, the increasing number of disabled veterans taking up adaptive sports will result in more athletes being developed, and there will be more public interest. Second, because there is significantly more support given to disabled veterans engaged in sports in comparison to disabled civilians, there is a possibility that military personnel will have an unfair advantage in opportunities to participate in the Paralympics. Third, if disabled veterans receive preferential treatment and their proportion among Paralympics participants increases, defining the value of disabled sports may be focused on its sports element and increasing competitive skill, rather than welfare-related aspects such as the rehabilitation of disabled people, their psychological stability, the recovery of their self-confidence and dignity, and supporting their reintegration into communities. Lastly, because participation in sports by a nation’s veterans often includes patriotic elements such as the prominent use of the national flag, the Paralympics Games may also become an event with a stronger appeal to nationalism.

著者

中村 真博

出版者

公益財団法人 日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンター

雑誌

日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンターパラリンピック研究会紀要 (ISSN:24326100)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.63-94, 2020 (Released:2020-11-12)

参考文献数

37

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A variety of Para sports-related activities, including events to experience Para sports, have been launched since the selection of Tokyo as the host city for the 2020 Paralympic Games.Previous Japanese research on Para sports-related experiences and their impact includes studies on changes in student awareness through classes at educational institutions, studies on changes in the awareness of those who engaged in specific Para sports, and studies that aim to identify able-bodied people’s subconscious attitudes toward and awareness about people with disabilities. These studies have shown that interaction with people with disabilities and experiences with Para sports have a positive impact on able-bodied people’s awareness about and attitudes toward people with disabilities. However, since the studies have a limited scope, they do not necessarily offer an overall picture of society. Therefore, research that does not limit its scope to a specific Para sport or to awareness and attitudes in psychological terms is required, and it should be conducted based on a consideration of what distinguishes Para sports from a broad perspective. This study aims to examine the relationship between Para sports and inclusion awareness through a nationwide, randomized online survey and to shed light on the impact of experiences with Para sports on inclusion awareness.The study first examines how the relationship between Para sports and inclusion awareness is understood by the government and various organizations that hold events involving Para sports experiences. Then, an online survey was conducted based on the hypothesis that engagement in Para sports has a positive impact on knowledge acquisition, awareness raising, actual behavior, and social image. The online survey showed that awareness about words related to an inclusive society was higher among respondents who had experiences with Para sports than those who did not, and that for most respondents their experiences of Para sports had involved watching Para sports on TV or in person. The survey also showed that respondents who had experiences with Para sports had a more positive image of Para sports and were more inclined to help people with disabilities than those who had no experiences with Para sports, although further verification is required due to a low level of connection among these aspects. On the other hand, the survey indicated that experiences with Para sports were not related to how respondents viewed disability (social model or individual model) or how they viewed today’s society and an ideal society.These findings lend some support to the working hypothesis presented in this study. The selection of Tokyo as the host city for the 2020 Paralympic Games has led to more opportunities to develop experiences with Para sports. Hopefully, these opportunities will continue to be provided even after the Paralympic Games and lead to the development of inclusion awareness among able-bodied people. This study predominantly focuses on analyzing the relationship between experiences with Para sports and inclusion awareness; therefore, future goals include exploring how interaction (or lack thereof) with people with disabilities and experiences other than engagement in Para sports impact inclusion awareness.

著者

小倉 和夫

出版者

公益財団法人 日本財団パラスポーツサポートセンター

雑誌

日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンターパラリンピック研究会紀要 (ISSN:24326100)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.1-10, 2016 (Released:2019-08-23)

参考文献数

29

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In Japan the origin of the Paralympic Games is generally traced back to the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and to the rehabilitation activities of the patients in the Stoke Mandeville Hospital.However, much attention has not been paid on the historical background of the Hospital and on the personal histories of those patients, which had a close relationship with the Second World War.In the Tokyo 1964 Games a few Japanese wounded in the Second World War did participate. In the London 2012 Games, soldiers who had been engaged in the Afghan War or Iraq War occupied not a negligible share of the British and American Teams. This article attempts to put some light on the relationship between the Paralympics and international warfare mainly for Japanese readers who, for historical reasons, are not well aware of such a relationship. A. Guttmann and the First World War ⑴ Guttmann witnessed wounded soldiers of the war in German hospitals ⑵ Treatment of paraplegic ex-soldiers was a grave social problem as implied in the novel “Lady Chatterley’s Lover” B. Guttmann and the Second World War ⑴ Persecution of the Jews and refuge to England ⑵ “Outsider” status both in Germany and England ⑶ Normandy operation and establishment of a special unit to take care of paraplegics C. Stoke Mandeville Games and War ⑴ All participants to the first Stoke Mandeville Games were ex-military service men ⑵ In the 1950s, supporters for the Games were mainly veterans ⑶ World veterans meeting in Rome spurred the holding of the Games simultaneously with the Rome Olympic Games D. 1964 Tokyo Paralympic Games and War ⑴ Out of 193 non-Japanese participants who responded to the enquiry, 27 were ex-service men or women ⑵ A few( at least two) Japanese participants were ex-service men of the Second World War ⑶ The athlete who made the oath at the opening ceremony was a person who had been injured in the Sino-Japanese war of the 1940s E. Recent Trends ⑴ Seven members of the UK team in the 2012 Paralympic Games were exmilitary persons ⑵ 26 members of the USA team in the 2012 London Games were military service persons or retired soldiers

著者

小倉 和夫

出版者

公益財団法人 日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンター

雑誌

日本財団パラリンピックサポートセンターパラリンピック研究会紀要 (ISSN:24326100)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.1-18, 2017 (Released:2019-08-02)

参考文献数

8

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Impacts of the close linkage of the Paralympic Games with the Olympic Games can be analyzed in terms of the brand values, social recognition, athletes’ achievements and accessibility or social inclusion. All these aspects can be stringent on the identity of the Paralympics as distinct from the Olympics. This in turn leads us to the analysis or assessment of the use of the well-established Olympic brand for promoting Paralympic “values” of the impact of the highly competitive skill of Olympians on to the skill of Paralympians, of the social inclusion of the disabled as the result of the increased social exposure of the Paralympics, of the treatment of the persons of grave impairment, and finally of the social perception for different modalities for overcoming disabilities.