著者

皿井 舞

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.393, pp.15-29, 2008-01-28

---

This paper is the second of a three-part series that will discuss the historical and philosophical background of the creation of the Yakushi Triad in the Yakushidô Hall, KamiDaigo, Daigoji, Kyoto, created at the beginning of the 10th century during Japan's Heian period. The purpose of this article is to clarify the organizational structure of Shimo-Daigoji, which was established by the imperial court, through an analysis of historical documents in Daigoji Yôsho 『醍醐寺要書』.This analysis will contribute to an understanding of the organizational system for temples around the early Heian period. The first part of this article analyzes a document concerning the construction of temples created by imperial command, or goganji 御願寺, which is found in Shin-gishiki 『新儀式』, a book on ceremonial commands published in the middle of the 10th century. The document states that these imperial decree temples can be divided into two types, 1) temples created by emperors during their reign, and 2) jôgakuji 定額寺 temples created by retired emperors, empresses, priests and aristocrats and then donated to the imperial court. There were three types of organizational systems for imperial decree temples, 1) imperial court-established organizations which consisted of both priests and secular bureaucrats, 2) imperial court-established organizations which consisted of solely of secular bureaucrats, and 3) imperial court-created temples that the emperor decreed would be operated by the goin 後院 emperor-controlled organizations. The second part of this article analyzes the Senji 宣旨 edicts of the Emperor Daigo issued by his secretariats, also found in Shin-gishiki. The contents of these edicts and the means of their communication revealed the actual organizational system of Daigoji. As a result of this analysis, it is apparent that when the imperial court created Daigoji, they established organizations of priests and bureaucrats who were responsible for the operation of the temple, and that also technical specialists were dispatched to work in the temple as needed. This analysis also indicates that the goin emperor's personal estate also contributed to the creation of Daigoji. Goin was organized in the 9th century as the personal estates of the reigning emperor. The goin organization fell outside the bureaucracy of the Ritsuryo regime. In general, the proper route for the transmission of the emperor's decrees regarding the building of a goganji temple was through the aristocrats and bureaucrats in the Dajôkan agency. The goin, on the other hand, was an agency that could carry out imperial orders outside the framework of the Ritsuryo regime. Therefore, the participation of the goin, an agency close to the emperor's personal affairs, in the creation of Daigoji, indicates that Daigoji took on the character of a temple personally connected to the emperor Daigo. Though previous studies have largely failed to consider the importance of the goin, this article insists that goin played a crucial role in the construction of goganji temples. Actually, it can be suggested that the five-story pagoda at Daigoji is one instance of a project led by the goin. This is extremely noteworthy. This article reexamines the construction of the five-story pagoda from this new understanding of the goin's role in its process. Through a more detailed understanding of the operational structure in place during the establishment of Daigoji, this article aims to clarify the factual details regarding temple establishment procedures during the early Heian period. This article further suggests the necessity of a reconsideration of the commonly accepted beliefs regarding the history of early Heian period sculpture.