著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.6, pp.347-350, 1965-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

保柳 睦美 内藤 誉三郎 和達 清夫 伏見 康治 矢澤 大二

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.1, pp.71-77, 1980

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

立教大学

雑誌

史苑 (ISSN:03869318)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.82-111, 1969-01

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.4, pp.193-222, 1968-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

2 4

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The name of Tadataka INÔ (1745-1818), who carried out the survey of the almost entire islands of Japan and made excellent maps of Japan in the end of Edo period, became popular all over the country since the Tokyo Geographical Society erected a bronze memorial monument in the Shiba Park, Tokyo in 1889, which was re-established in the same site with a newly designed beautiful stone monument in 1965.INÔ's Map officially presented to the Takugawa Government in 1821 compiled after his death by his pupils consisted of those of three scales : large scale (1 : 36, 000, 214 sheets), middle-scale (1 : 216, 000, 8 sheets) and small-scale (1 : 432, 000, 3 sheets). Despite its excellency, they were stored in the Library of the Tokugawa Government, only a few limited number of people were allowed to see them, and INÔ's Map proved its usefulness since the Meiji Restoration. These maps served as the basis and the most important data to meet the urgent needs of accurate maps, charts and statistical figures of the Japanese Islands.However, INÔ's Map has an unfortunate history behind it. After it was handed over from the Tokugawa to the Meiji Government, a fire broke out in part of the Imperial Palace in 1873 and destroyed all the maps. INÔ's descendants presented the preserved copies to the Government and they were kept in the Library of the Tokyo Imperial University, while the fire caused by the Kantô Earthquake in 1923 destroyed the Library. In consequence, the number of INÔ's Map which are extant is very small and fragmental today and yet careful studies of these maps, INÔ's books and documents revealed some points which have never been fully appreciated in his achievements, and the followings are the abstracts of these main points.(1) INO's motive for undertaking the survey of Japan was the determination of the length of one degree of latitude, which he carefully determined as 28.2 ri (110.85 km) with extraordinary accuracy at that time. However, “Map of the Eastern Part of Japan” presented to the Tokuwawa Government in 1804 was so elaborate, so accurate, so detailed and so beautiful and gave even an impression of a work of art that the Government appointed him as an official and ordered him to continue the survey, which he carried out with extraordinary persistence and skill. Fig. 2 shows the distribution of INÔ's routes of survey, which was carefully drawn from the maps of middle-scale and his records and the total distances of surveyed lines amounted to 33, 724 km. In addition he traveled several times between Edo and Kyôto (Tôkaidô) as well as Kyôtô and Shimonoseki (Sanyô-dô), so that the total distances of his travel were more than 40, 000 km, which he accomplished when he was fifty-six to seventy-two years of age.The mapped areas are strictly restricted to those of the actually surveyed and certainly known. Therefore, many parts far distant from the roads and the coast left unmapped because the surveys were not conducted. These are some of evidences of INÔ's scientific mind underlying his map-drawing.(2) The Tokugawa Government's needs to the maps were the accurate drawing of configuration of the coastline of the Japanese Islands as well as the detailed distances of important towns along the Tôkai-dô, the Sanyô-dô, and along the northern part of Kyûshû. INÔ's main aims were the determination of latitudes and, if possible the longitudes, of important towns along the most important zone of Japan at that time, that was along the Tôkai-dô and the Sanyô-dô. INÔ's Map met these needs quite well, following basically what is called the method of traverse with great care, and he also adopted astronomical observations.

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.5, pp.273-284, 1977-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

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In 1872 the Meiji Government adopted the solar calendar, the twenty-four hours system and the new date, and in 1886 decided the Japanese Standard Time based on the time of the meridian of 135°E., running through Akashi in Hyôgo Prefecture near Kobe. Since then, the date and the time have entirely changed from those of the Edo period when the lunar-solar calendar and many local times prevailed throughout Japan.The conversion of the old date into the new one is not so difficult task, but on the contrary, that of the old times into the new ones has complicated problems, because the old calendar system was different in many respects from the new one and also each clan adopted the local time derived from the time of each castle-town.Firstly, the structure of the old calendar, which was introduced from China, was basically different from the new one. The length of the hour-units of daytime and nighttime differed according to the twenty-four short seasonal unit days, including the day of autumnal equinox, of vernal equinox, of summer solstice and of winter solstice. The beginning hours of daytime and nighttime were partly improved by the astronomers of the Tokugawa Government ; in the early part of the Edo period they were the times of sunrise and sunset of the castle-towns, and later they were more improved.However, in 1797 TAKAHASHI-Yoshitoki, a young but an excellent astronomer, who studied the Western astronomy through the books edited by the European missionaries stationed in China and brought up INÔ-Tadataka, the greatest land-surveyor in the Edo period with the aid of astronomical observation, decided the times scientifically. He got the accurate position of the sun by spherical trigonometrical calculation, and cleared up the beginning and the end of twilight by the angle of depression of the center of the sun on the days of autumnal and vernal equinox at Kyoto the result was 7°21′40″. The new definition had been used until 1871.This paper deals with some ways of conversion of the old times into the new ones, and illustrated, taking outstanding examples of castle-towns in the Edo period, how the converted times were different from one another throughout Japan in accordance with the latitudes and the longitudes of the towns.

著者

保柳 睦美 ホヤナギ ムツミ Mutsumi Hoyanagi

雑誌

史苑

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.82-111, 1969-01

著者

保柳 睦美

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.5, pp.203-214, 1962-09-30 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

31

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There are many problems still unsolved in the geographical studies of the Silk Road, which in ancient times connected Asia and Europe culturally and materially.1. Who was the proposer of the name of the Silk Road? Richthofen introduced the term of “Seidenstrassen” in his “China, I”, as well as in the article discussing this route in 1877, and there is no doubt about that Richthofen has popularized the name. The name itself, however, was probably used for the first time in the account of the Greek geographer Marinus of Tyre in about 100 A. D., who had drawn his information from Maes Titianus, a Macedonian silk-merchant who sent agents to China during the 1st century of our era.2. The study of the Silk Road by Richthofen was very instructive and suggestive, in spite of the time in which it was made when detailed maps of Inner Asia were not prepared and the European translation of the Chinese old annals and records were scarce. Although Richthofen's study had some faults, he had a good command of many important Chinese old annals and predicted many of the geographical problems which have been hottly discussed since the early part of the 20th century, based on discoveries made by the scientific expeditions of Sven Hedin and Aurel Stein.(Fig. 1)3. The study by Herrmann was scientifically equipped because of the time in which many European translation of the Chinese old annals and records were prepared and some of the results of the scientific expeditions of Inner Asia were published. The weak point of Herrmann's conclusion, however, lies in that he was too confident in the figures of distance of different oasis states from Ch'ang-an and Wu-lei, given by the Former Han Annals.In ancient times in China, li was not used as one of the official units of distance and was only used as a rough estimate. It was more probable that commonly a day's travel equalled 100li. As a consequence, the assumption of the position of many states and the old road based on the calculation of detailed figures of li of the Former Han Annals was in some parts far from the facts of the past.(Fig. 2)4. The most reliable routes were obtained by the work of Stein, though it is not free from criticism. In the study of the Silk Road, however, it is desirable to begin with the close investigation of topography and other natural conditions along the road.Fig. 3 shows the topography and the distribution of settlements and oases scattered along the margin of the Tarim basin, compiled from the maps prepared by the Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army (1: 1, 000, 000) and the maps of Chinese Turkestan and Kansu surveyed by Aurel Stein (1: 500, 000). A glance at the map shows that the distribution of large oases are confined to the foot of Tien-shan to the north and to the western half of the foot of Kun-lun to the south. The existence of large oases has close relations with the altitude of mountains and the extent of perpetual snow -field. Rivers nourished by large snow-fields flow down the mountains and have built large oases, such as Aku-su, Kucha to the north and Kashgar, Yarkand and Khotan to the west and to the south. The lands are flat and streamlets branch out, showing the character of delta lands rather than alluvial fans. The present highways run connecting those delta -oases and in ancient times the natural conditions were probably not so different from today.5. Worth noticing, however, is that there scattered many small oases at the apex of the gigantic talus slopes of piedmont gravel, particularly to the southern margin of the basin, attaining in parts a relative height of 1, 500m and more and utterly barren. The path which connects these small talus-apex oases is winding but easy to get water, and even in ancient times it was frequently used as the by-road, particularly between Charchan and Khotan.(Fig. 4)