著者

加藤 秀人

出版者

東京女子医科大学学会

雑誌

東京女子医科大学雑誌 (ISSN:00409022)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, no.1, pp.1-13, 2020-02-15 (Released:2020-02-26)

参考文献数

69

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Stress responses are part of an important system in maintaining the homeostasis of a living organism. After acute inflammation, if tissue repair is incomplete or stress is not completely removed with an excessive and prolonged inflammatory response, damage is accumulated in living organs and chronic inflammation persists. Thus, irreversible tissue and organ damage occurs, which is accompanied by fibrosis. Further, inflammatory diseases, such as fibrotic diseases, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and arteriosclerosis, account for most causes of deaths in humans; therefore, it is extremely important to understand mechanisms of inflammation and to establish a control method. Inflammation is caused by a complex influence of various molecules and cells that form networks through inflammatory cytokines. Since various factors influence each other, the onset time, degree, and duration of inflammation may differ. This article explains the mechanism of inflammation, presents findings on its regulatory factors and methods, and enumerates the innate immune system receptors (pattern recognition receptors) and responsible cells (neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, natural killer T cells) that cause inflammation. This article thus aims to understand the complex networks involved in inflammation.

著者

加藤 秀人 柳沢 直子

出版者

東京女子医科大学学会

雑誌

東京女子医科大学雑誌 (ISSN:00409022)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.1, pp.2-10, 2021-02-25 (Released:2021-03-16)

参考文献数

52

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Viruses require host cellular machinery for protein translation and replication. Upon proliferation, virions damage the cells and are released from the infected cells prior to infecting other cells. Acute inflammation is observed when host cells are damaged by infection. Receptors for SARS-CoV-2 on cells are distributed more widely than those specific for other viruses, resulting in a wide range of symptoms such as rhinitis, pneumonia, and enteritis. Typically, RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, demonstrate high frequencies of gene mutations. Antigenic modulation due to genetic mutations in the spike protein causes cytokine storms due to strong activation of the innate immune system. This is similar to the phenomenon previously observed in highly pathogenic avian influenza. The proportion of severely ill patients due to COVID-19 varies from country to country. Factors that are responsible for the severity of the disease include antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), BCG (Bacille de Calmette et Guérin) vaccination, and HLA (Human leukocyte antigen) type. ADE and HLA types may also contribute to the protective effect during an immune reaction including vaccine response against SARS-CoV-2.