著者

ペヴノフ アレクサンドル・ミハイロヴィッチ ボンダレンコ・高瀬 オクサーナ 呉人 惠

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.059-069, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-07-01)

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Paleo-Asiatic refers to non-Altaic and non-Uralic languages. At present, Chukchi Kamchatkan and Eskimo-Aleut are language families, while Nivkh and Ainu are isolate languages. Manchu-Tungusic languages are concentrated in the Amur River basin (only Even, Uilta, and Sibe are entirely outside it). The Manchu-Tungusic basic protolanguage split up about two thousand years ago in the area, the center of which was probably the Lesser Khingan Range. It makes sense to distinguish three historical Manchu-Tungusic language varieties: basic, intermediate, and final protolanguages. Lexical borrowings from Paleo-Asiatic languages are 1) in some modern Manchu-Tungusic languages (exclusive borrowings from Yukaghir and Chukchi-Kamchatkan in Even, from Nivkh in Negidal and Uilta, from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in Udege), 2) in the Amur-Sakhalin area languages (borrowings from Nivkh), 3) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the ancestor of Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 4) borrowings from Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages in the Manchu-Tungusic intermediate protolanguage, to which go back Oroch, Udege, Evenki, Even, Negidal, and Solon, 5) in the basic Manchu-Tungusic protolanguage there might be one lexical borrowing from the ancestor of the Nivkh language. Early contacts between the Manchu-Tungusic languages and the Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages were over several centuries, probably somewhere in the basins of the northern tributaries of the Amur River. With a very limited number of lexical borrowings from the Paleo-Asiatic languages into the Manchu-Tungusic ones, the borrowing of some words belonging to the basic lexicon seems surprising.

著者

呉人 惠

出版者

北海道大学文学研究科

雑誌

北方言語研究 (ISSN:21857121)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.1-23, 2016-01-20

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The purpose of the present paper is to examine two types of verb marking in adverbial clauses, that is, the nominalizing type and the non-nominalizing type, in the Chukchi-Kamchatkan language, Koryak. Besides the exclusive use of so-called converb forms, Siberian languages are well known for making rich use of case morphology to mark a range of functional types of subordinate clauses. With regard to case-marked subordination, there are two basic formal subtypes. In one type, the nominalizing type, the case affix attaches to a nominalized form of the verb. Meanwhile, in the other—the non-nominalizing type—the case affix attaches to either a bare verb stem, a semi-inflected form of the verb, or a finite verb form. Koryak shows both the nominalizing type and the non-nominalizing type of verb marking. In the latter type, the case affix attaches to a bare verb stem. Through examination, the present paper clarifies the following points: 1) In the nominalizing type, either the allative, dative, or locative case attaches to the nominalized stem and marks either temporal clause or purposive clause. Meanwhile, in the non-nominalizing type, either the locative, instrumental, dative, comitative, or associative case attaches to a bare verb stem and marks a range of functional types such as temporal, causal, conditional, concessive, and manner. 2) Among the neighboring languages, only Yupik and Naukan of the Eskimo-Aleut language family share the non-nominalizing type with Koryak. As the non-nominalizing type is not observed in other languages of that family distributed in North America, it is possible that Yupik and Naukan adopted the non-nominalizing type from the Chukchi-Kamchatkan. 3) The non-nominalizing type is observed not only in adverbial clauses but also in an infinitive (in the locative case) and an imperative form (in the comitative case), which shows that this type penetrates into the Koryak grammar.

著者

呉人 惠

出版者

新潟大学人文学部

雑誌

北方言語研究 (ISSN:21857121)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.1-21, 2018-03-10

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Koryak copula sentences are formed by either personal copulas, which are derived from independent personal pronouns, or the copula verbs it'be'or tva'exist'with the predicate nominal marked in the essive case. The present paper examines the conditionality of the switch between the two types of copulas. According to Stassen (2003), this is a type of nominal and locational switching and can be interpreted as a case of'Permanency Parameter', which induces an opposition between'essence'and contingence. However, in Koryak, even the personal copula, which is not expected to co-occur with temporal adverbs such as'now','temporarily','yet','for three years', and'in this year', can co-occur with such adverbs. Furthermore, predicate nominals that refer to the subject of inherent and unchangeable character can coexist with the copula verb, in some contrastive context such as'not A but B'. The present examination reveals that, judging from these facts, the switch is conditioned by how the subject is perceived by the speaker rather than by the physical duration of the subject. Through this examination, this paper also demonstrates that Koryak shows idiosyncrasy in that it exhibits switching in all semantic classes, including'Event', 'Property','Class', and'Locational'. Clarification of the factors behind this idiosyncrasy remains to be sought through future research.

著者

呉人 惠 齋藤 玲子

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.063-092, 2005 (Released:2020-07-31)

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As has often been pointed out, the indigenous peoples in the north make wide use of plants in spite of limited vegetation which consists mainly of bushes, grasses, fem and lichen. In No.13 reindeer-herding brigade which is located in the northernmost part of the Severo-Evensk district, Magadan region, reindeer-herding Koryak make use of a number of plants for sustenance, housing, clothing, medicine, rituals, and amusement. The present paper aims to make an ethnobotanical description of plant use among the reindeer-herding Koryaks in No.13 brigade, based on linguistically exact descriptions of each Koryak plant name along with each plant's biologically exact identity.