著者

江上波夫著 江上綏編

出版者

山川出版社

巻号頁・発行日

2005

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.327, pp.1-21, 1984-03-15

---

The Enryakuji, Shiga, owns two old sets of indigo-paper Lotus Sutra with cover paintings and frontispieces, which seem to have been handed down by the temple from the Heian Period. One is a set with gold and silver text which the auther presumes to be from about the second quarter of the eleventh century of the late Heian Period (See No. 309 of Bijutsu Kenkyū), and the other is a set with silver text. The latter is the main subject of the present paper. Vols. 2, 3, 5, and 7 of this version retain their original covers with cover paintings and frontispieces in gold and silver on the outside and inside (Pls. I to IV-a). The covers of Vols. 1, 6 and 8 (PI. IV-b, figs. 31 to 35) are later replacements made with blank parts from the text portions of certain scrolls of the set when the set was repaired. Each of them also has a cover painting and a frontispiece both in silver, the frontispiece being drawn over the ruled lines for text. As for the original portions of the set, there are several unique points compared with many of the remaining examples of this kind of illuminated sutra sets. The width (height) of the scrolls is extraordinarily large measuring over 28 cm (See Charts 1 and 3); The cover paintings are rare, stiff style of Tiang type imaginary floral scrolls; The frontispieces are unique in style with extremely stylized depiction of figures ; The text calligraphy is different from ordinary calligraphy styles of Chinese and Japanese sutra manuscripts from the eighth to the eleventh centuries, the time period in which the production date of the set would be put. The dates and provenances proposed by scholars for the work vary. Korea and Japan are referred to as its provenance and the presumed dates range at least from the ninth century to the tenth century. The original frontispieces of this version, those of the Lotus Sutra version without the Opening and Closing Sutras (so-called eight-scroll version) owned by the Honkōji (Pls. V and VI), and that on the isolated Lotus Sutra Vol. 6 cover in the Hofer Collection kept at the Fogg Art Museum (fig. 23) are known to be close in terms of the choice of the subjects and general compositions. The former two versions are particularly close. The cover paintings of these two versions, as well, are the same kind of Tang type imaginary floral scrolls,while that of the Hofer fragment is of a different kind although it also is a T'ang type imaginary floral scroll design. It is not only the case with the Enryakuji silver-text version but also with the other two versions mentioned just above that the scholars' dating and provenance judgement vary. The present author, by comparing the styles of their cover paintings, frontispieces and text calligraphy to one another and to the styles of various works in different fields of visual art, demonstrates the idea that the Honkōji eight-scroll version is Chinese or Korean or Japanese work of the eighth century, that the Hofer version is a Chinese or Korean (perhaps Chinese) work of the end of the eighth century or the ninth century and that the Enryakuji silver-text version is a ninth century Korean. Ornamentations of other sutra works such as the late eighth or early ninth century Bommōkyō in the Tokyo National Museum, the late ninth or early tenth century Hannyashingyō in the Jinkōin and the Kongōshōji's Lotus Sutra set, perhaps datable to the late tenth century, were used for the comparison, together with Shōsōin handicrafts, Chinese stele decorations, Chinese, Korean and Japanese calligraphic materials, Tun-huang murals and others. The generel tendencies found in the measurement of the width of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese indigo-paper and purple-paper sutra scrolls from the eighth to the mid-eleventh centuries were taken into consideration for presuming their provenances, particularly that of the Enryakuji version, in this paper. It is a widely accepted theory that the Honkōji eight-volume version is later than the Enryakuji silver-text version. The theory about the order between the two in the present paper is the opposite. As for the covers of Vols. 1, 6 and 8 in the set in question, most scholars consider that they were made in the late eleventh or twelfth century. The present author theorizes that their cover paintings and frontispieces clearly manifest a style in between those of the Kongōshōji indigo-paper Lotus Sutra set which he thinks to date from the end of the tenth century or thereabouts and the Enryakuji gold-and-silver-text version of Lotus Sutra which he ascribes to the second quarter of the eleventh century, thus implying that the version in question was equipped with these supplementary covers as a part of repairs perhaps in the first quarter of the eleventh century, a century odd after the original production of the set. The present paper is thus an attempt to contribute to the establishment of the chronology and conceptions on provenances of the ornamental and ecclesiastical painting on this sort of early sutra manuscripts. The author is of opinion that the stylistic and iconographic development of such illuminations should be studied on the basis of this kind of fundamental efforts.

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.247, pp.32-41, 1967-03-27

---

See Résumé, No. 238, the Bijutsu Kenkyu.

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.250, pp.22-40, 1967-12-27

---

See Résumé, No. 238, the Bijustu Kenkyu.

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.251, pp.27-28, 1968-02-27

---

The author discussed in Nos. 238 and 239 of this present journal the Japanese mediaeval book of landscape gardening Senzui narabini Yagyō no Zu Accompanied by Dōji Kudensho in relation to the history of gardens. When he presented this paper, only three manuscripts of this book were known to him, namely the text owned by Prof. Ōta, Shōjirō of the University of Tokyo, the text in the Mudoji Library of the Myōtokuin, Shiga, and the text in the Agriculture Library of the University of Kyoto. After that, another text in the library of Nihon University came to his attention. The present paper is a supplementary study of this book on which this additional text shed further light. It has become much easier to imagine the older form of the text through the acquisition of this new material of Nihon University which, along with the manuscript owned by Prof. Ōta, was perhaps transcribed in the early Edo Period. The newly found text is closer to the texts of Kyoto University and the Myōtokuin than to the one owned by Prof. Ōta. By minutely analyzing the differences between these four texts and another variant in the Sonkeikaku Lidrary of the Maeda Family, it became clear that the Nihon Univesity text is in the same genealogy as the texts of Kyoto University and the Myōtokuin. Nevertheless some portions of it are the same as Prof. Ōta's text, but differ from the other two. These portions are considered to retain the older form. But such portions are not many, indicating that the texts of Kyoto University and of the Myōtokuin, both of which were transcribed around 1740 and are versions very close to each other, keep the form of the earlier text rather well. The shapes of the rocks and trees drawn in the Nihon University manuscript are very close to those of the Kyoto University and Myōtokuin manuscripts. But they have one point in common with Prof. Ōmanuscript which the other two lack: the rocks are shaded in the manuscripts of Prof. Ōta and of Nihon University only. This may well be the way such features were depicted in the oldest text of this book.

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.238, pp.26-41, 1966-02-17

---

The oldest existing Japanese book on methods of gardening is Sakuteiki (originally called Senzai Hishō) which, though written as early as the twelfth century, still remains an authoritative work. And the one which is generally considered to be the next oldest is Senzui narabini Yagyō no Zu (hereafter referred to as SYZ). While the former has many copies (the original is lost), of the latter now in question only one copied manuscript has been known to exist, which is a copy of 1466 in the Muromachi Period of an earlier manuscript and is now in the Sonkeikaku Library of the Maeda Family in Tokyo. But the present writer found another manuscript of the same book, though with considerably different contents, in the Mudōji Library of the Enryakuji Monastery in Shiga Prefecture in the spring of 1964, and then two other copies of the same book with the same context came to his knowledge, one being in the Agriculture Library of the University of Kyoto, and the other owned by Prof. ŌTA shojiro of the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. Prof. ŌTA's manuscript has a postscript with the date of 1654 but there are evidences which suggest that this is a copy written soon after 1654. The one of the Mudōji Library has a postscript of 1742 and is datable to this year. And the one in the Kyōto University, though having no postscript, is a very close copy to the Mudōji manuscript, having the same collation notes in red ink, the same arrangement of contents, and almost the same calligraphic characteristics. These three manuscripts have the same context as mentioned above. It consists of an abbreviated version of what is written in the Sonkeikaku manuscript, a list of people to whom the descending of this text is attributed, part called “Dōji Kudensho,” some itemized statements of a more superstitious kind, and some abstracts of the Sakuteiki. According to the present writer the part of “Dāji Kudensho” is close to Sakuteiki in its contents and the inference of the use of the words in this part is that this part is a thirteenth century methodological tradition which was most likely written down or rewritten around 1400, and the several more or less superstitious items following it and the list of people also, have no signs that they are later than the early part of the fifteenth century. The first part of the book, which is contained in the Sonkeikaku manuscript as well, is also equipped with linguistic features of the fifteenth-century learned society. Sakuteiki and SYZ have hitherto been considered to be of completely different schools of gardening method, and SYZ was by some scholars regarded as a book of the Kamakura Period (13th or 13th and 14th C.) and by some others, even earlier than Sakuteiki. But as the quotation from diaries of the fifteenth century show, the present writer is persuaded that the gardeners called “niwamono” who worked chiefly for the Shōgun, the head of the Muromachi military government, and for the people related to him in the capital of Kyoto, had a written tradition which covered the items included in this group of newly recovered manuscripts. And not only that but also the fact was found that some features in this context have a very close relationship to the architectural composition of the residences of these highly placed people. The idea of this book is also assorted with the theory of the Ommyōryō, or the Official Bureau for Yin and Yang Cult, of which some people are recorded as having had a leading part in directing the building of the gardens. All these facts lead us to the conclusion that the prototype of these books from which the newly-found text and the text of the Sonkeikaku manuscript were derived respectively, was compiled by someone related to the Ommyōryō, probably at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Thus a completely new viewpoint is given in this paper to the book SYZ and the history of gardening in Mediaeval Japan. The writer has also added some bibliological study of Sakuteiki, using its abstract contained in this group of manuscripts and the collation notes found in two of them. The entire text of this group of manuscripts will be printed in later numbers of this journal and be collated with the Sonkeikaku manuScript.

著者

江上 綏

雑誌

美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies

巻号頁・発行日

no.239, pp.23-32, 1966-03-10

---

See No 238. Summary