- 著者
-
江上 綏
- 雑誌
- 美術研究 = The bijutsu kenkiu : the journal of art studies
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.238, pp.26-41, 1966-02-17
The oldest existing Japanese book on methods of gardening is Sakuteiki (originally called Senzai Hishō) which, though written as early as the twelfth century, still remains an authoritative work. And the one which is generally considered to be the next oldest is Senzui narabini Yagyō no Zu (hereafter referred to as SYZ). While the former has many copies (the original is lost), of the latter now in question only one copied manuscript has been known to exist, which is a copy of 1466 in the Muromachi Period of an earlier manuscript and is now in the Sonkeikaku Library of the Maeda Family in Tokyo. But the present writer found another manuscript of the same book, though with considerably different contents, in the Mudōji Library of the Enryakuji Monastery in Shiga Prefecture in the spring of 1964, and then two other copies of the same book with the same context came to his knowledge, one being in the Agriculture Library of the University of Kyoto, and the other owned by Prof. ŌTA shojiro of the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. Prof. ŌTA's manuscript has a postscript with the date of 1654 but there are evidences which suggest that this is a copy written soon after 1654. The one of the Mudōji Library has a postscript of 1742 and is datable to this year. And the one in the Kyōto University, though having no postscript, is a very close copy to the Mudōji manuscript, having the same collation notes in red ink, the same arrangement of contents, and almost the same calligraphic characteristics. These three manuscripts have the same context as mentioned above. It consists of an abbreviated version of what is written in the Sonkeikaku manuscript, a list of people to whom the descending of this text is attributed, part called “Dōji Kudensho,” some itemized statements of a more superstitious kind, and some abstracts of the Sakuteiki. According to the present writer the part of “Dāji Kudensho” is close to Sakuteiki in its contents and the inference of the use of the words in this part is that this part is a thirteenth century methodological tradition which was most likely written down or rewritten around 1400, and the several more or less superstitious items following it and the list of people also, have no signs that they are later than the early part of the fifteenth century. The first part of the book, which is contained in the Sonkeikaku manuscript as well, is also equipped with linguistic features of the fifteenth-century learned society. Sakuteiki and SYZ have hitherto been considered to be of completely different schools of gardening method, and SYZ was by some scholars regarded as a book of the Kamakura Period (13th or 13th and 14th C.) and by some others, even earlier than Sakuteiki. But as the quotation from diaries of the fifteenth century show, the present writer is persuaded that the gardeners called “niwamono” who worked chiefly for the Shōgun, the head of the Muromachi military government, and for the people related to him in the capital of Kyoto, had a written tradition which covered the items included in this group of newly recovered manuscripts. And not only that but also the fact was found that some features in this context have a very close relationship to the architectural composition of the residences of these highly placed people. The idea of this book is also assorted with the theory of the Ommyōryō, or the Official Bureau for Yin and Yang Cult, of which some people are recorded as having had a leading part in directing the building of the gardens. All these facts lead us to the conclusion that the prototype of these books from which the newly-found text and the text of the Sonkeikaku manuscript were derived respectively, was compiled by someone related to the Ommyōryō, probably at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Thus a completely new viewpoint is given in this paper to the book SYZ and the history of gardening in Mediaeval Japan. The writer has also added some bibliological study of Sakuteiki, using its abstract contained in this group of manuscripts and the collation notes found in two of them. The entire text of this group of manuscripts will be printed in later numbers of this journal and be collated with the Sonkeikaku manuScript.