著者

牛島 万

出版者

上智大学イベロアメリカ研究所

雑誌

イベロアメリカ研究 (ISSN:03881237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.p35-47, 1993

著者

牛島 万

出版者

城西大学

雑誌

国際文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:13412663)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.1-34, 2002-10-01

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The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was an extremely remarkable event for both Mexico and the United States of America, and makes a huge impact on their political and economic evolution. The U.S., which was the winner of this war, made Mexico cede California, New Mexico to the U.S., concluding the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848. The U.S. also obtained Oregon from Great Britain in 1846. The U.S. had completed the establishment of its Continental Empire, and this can be seen in the sudden elevation of Manifest Destiny. Therefore, in this war, the U.S. established the basis on which in the future it would continue on its way to world hegemony. The U.S. obtained a huge territory, namely, the West, expanded its domestic commerce, and enlarged its industrial sector in about thirty years after the war. In contrast, Mexico, defeated in this war, was not only forced to decline the country's force, but also to continue its political disorder after the war. Continuing internal conflicts and intervention by foreign countries promoted Mexico's economic underdevelopment. On this point, the Mexican-American War signals the beginning of a pessimistic history, and the gap which continued between the two countries remains now even after more then 150 years. For these reasons, an understanding of the Mexican-American War is essential to an understanding of the general relations between two countries.

著者

牛島 万

出版者

国際言語文化学会事務局

雑誌

国際言語文化 = International language and culture : 国際言語文化学会学会誌 (ISSN:21893349)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.1-18, 2015

著者

牛島 万

出版者

城西大学

雑誌

国際文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:13412663)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.39-62, 1999-11-30

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I have studied the transcendental characters of Hispanic/Latinos in American movies. The following may be given as a conclusion. Stereotypes of Hispanics are different by gender, and the number of women's stereotypes is greater than that of the men's. There are both positive and negative images of stereotyped Hispanics. Positive images of male Hispanics are masculine, kind to women, but on the other hand, the negative images are spitfire and violent. Positive images of female Hispanics are passionate, motherly, chaste and pure, but the negative images are short-tempered, ignorant, rude, subordinate, etc. From the 1920s to 40s, Hispanic actresses were very popular and there were two types of actress. Some actresses, like Dolores del Rio and Rita Hayworth, emphasized their positive stereotyped images. Others, like Lupe Velez and Carmen Miranda, tried to get rid of their negative stereotyped images and tried to be comedian actresses. They, however, failed to have transcendental characters at last. The transcendental characters of Hispanic heroes could be often seen in the movies in 1980s. In this period Male Hispanic actors were more popular than Hispanic actresses, and such heroes tried to act as transcendental characters in the movies. For laying emphasis on a strong impression of this kind of Hispanic hero, other actors or actresses with stereotyped characters were necessary to act on the movies. In the 1990s, the same kind of stereotyped characters as that in 1980s are greatly acting in the movies, but a new phenomenon is seen in some American movies: A Hispanic hero has changed his destereotyped characters to a stereotyped one and got to have a counter-transcendental character. This means that it is truly difficult for Hispanics to transcend even in the movies. This is because movies are influenced by the reality of our society.