著者

柴田 幸男 竹内 敏子 小林 義雄

出版者

中京大学

雑誌

中京大学教養論叢 (ISSN:02867982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.227-263, 2003-06-20

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The fundamental philosophy guiding the Paralympic movement is that athletes with disabilities should have opportunities to pursue their goals in sport equivalent to those of non-disabled athletes. Athletes who complete in the Paralympics set their sights on the dream of wining a gold medal, are committed to strenuous training regimes and meet strict qualifying standards to be selected to their national team. The Paralympic Games represented to a committee to excellence that allows elite athletes to achieve their personal best. The Paralympic Games exemplify the Olympic ideal of participation and sportsmanship. The Pralympic Games originated in Aylesbury, England, where Games For People With Spinal Injuries, were first held in 1948. The games were organized to coincide with the London Olympic Games. The competition was organized by Dr. L. Guttmann, who originally planned them as part of a rehabilitation program for persons with spinal injuries. The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome in 1960. Since then, the Olympics and the Paralympics have almost always moved across the globe together. Since 1982, the Paralympics have been organized by the International Coordinating Committee (ICC). However, the ICC was replaced by The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) later. The Summer Paralympic Games became the ultimate competition for world-class athletes with a disability and as such as are linked to the Olympic Celebration each quadrennium. The Paralympic Games, in terms of complexity, duration and the number of competitions, are second only to the Olymoic Games. There have been eleven Summer Paralympic Games since Rome in 1960. There have also been eight Winter Paralympic Games since Ornskoldsvik, Sweden in 1976. The number of athletes, the number of countries and the number of scope of events programmed have all increased dramatically since the first Paralympic Games. There is an another world sports games for disabled athletes. It is called Special Olympics. Founded in 1968 by E.K. Shriver, Special Olympics provides people with mental retardation continuing opportunities to develop fitness, demonstrate courage and experience joy as they participate in the sharing of gifts and friendship with other athletes, their families and the community. Special Olympics is committed to empowering people with mental retardation on and off the playing field. The first Special Olympic World Games was held in Chicago, Illinois in 1968. The games offers children and adults with mental retardation-more than 1 million athletes in more than 150 countries-year-round training and competition in 26 Olympic-type summer and winter sports. The Special Olympics World Summer Games-one of the flagship events of the Special Olympic movement-are held every four years ; the 2003 World Summer Games will be held in Dublin, Ireland, on 20-29 June. Approximately 7, 500 athletes from more than 160 countries are expected to compete. The Special Olympics World Winter Games also are held every four years; the 2005 World Winter Games will be held in Nagano, Japan on 26 February-5 March. Table tennis. This popular and highly competitive sport has been part of the Paralympic program since the first Games in 1960. Table tennis is played in over 50 IPC countries and in terms of number of participating athletes is the 4 th largest Paralympic Games sport behind athletics, swimming and power lifting. Two hundreds and fifty players took part in Sydney. In the games, table tennis was open to athletes with physical and intellectual disabilities, with classes of competition ; wheelchair and standing. Athletes compete in individual and team events under International Table Tennis Federation rules, with slight modifications for wheelchair events. In Japan, persons with intellectual disability were not admitted to competitive sports until 1996 when the first competitive sport meets were held. The lack of socially adapted skills of the intellectual disabilities was a powerful reason for that. Fort unately, the Japan Table Tennis Association accepted the persons with intellectual disabilities in table tennis matches. Consequently, the first table tennis championships for athletes with intellectual disability was held in 1998, and in 1999 the Japan Table Tennis Federation for persons with intellectu al disabilities (JTTF-FID) was estabished as a member of the Japan Table Tennis Association. We also conducted a study comparing rally hit counts during table tennis matches between athletes with and without intellectual disabilities. The data were collected from table tennis games in 2002 FID Japan Table Tennis Championships for intellectual disability group, and from games in 2000 Japan Table Tennis Championships for normal group. In addition, the identical data were also obtained from women's singles matches in the INAS-FID Asian-South Pacific Region Table Tennis Championships. Mean rally hit counts per point in the group with intellectual disabilities were 2.56 and 2.17 for men and women, respectively while respective scorers for the group without disabilities were 4.05 and 4.60. The frequency distribution curves of rally hit counts for both groups in men as well as women were concentrated toward the low end of the scale with the curve training off to the right (high end of the scale). It was observed, however that the relative frequency ratio (%) of 1 and 2 hit rallies was higher in the group with than the group without. Comparing the cumulative distribution curves between two groups, the curve for athletes without tended to be on the right of the curve of the athletes with.

著者

小林 義雄 細井 輝男 竹内 敏子 吉崎 英清

出版者

中京大学

雑誌

中京大学教養論叢 (ISSN:02867982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.431-443, 2003-10-15

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The concentration of beta-endorphin (B-EP) was measured in 12 male recreational runners before and after marathon running. All subjects could finish 42 km distance and their mean time for finishing was 3 hr and 50 min (3 hr 6 min - 4 hr 22 min). Plasma B-EP significantly (P<0.0001) increased to about 9.8-fold above base line, from 9.1 ± 0.8 (SE) to 88.9±17.0 pg/ml. In addition, B-EP remained above baseline at 30 min and 60 min after the marathon race (43.9 + 12.7 pg/ml; P<0.0001 and 33.6± 6.6 pg/ml; P<0.001, respectively) and dropped to baseline 24 hr following the race. Lactate concentration also significantly (P<0.0001) increased during the marathon race (from 11.8±0.12 to 2.33± 0.18 mmol/L). This value was far below anaerobic threshold levels, 4 mmol/L, and was equivalent to approximately 60-65% VO_2max of our subjects. Previous studies have reported that the peripheral B-EP responses may be intensity dependent and that an exercise intensity of at least 70% VO_2max for 15 min is needed to increase plasma B-EP. Since our subjects performed extremely over-duration exercise and were exhausted after the race, therefore, the undue physical stress might affect the increase in B-EP. In conclusion, plasma B-EP responses may be both intensity and duration dependent.