著者

野々村 淑子

出版者

九州大学

雑誌

大学院教育学研究紀要 (ISSN:13451677)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.79-96, 2007

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When and how the image that women have reproductive body and natural power to nurse, care, cure, and teach little children, week or sick people began? In England, some recent studies cleared 'New Mother' ideology was appearing in 17th century. This essay investigates specifically the Pamphlets that reported the Witchcraft condemned to Anne Bodenham printed in 1653, and shows the world of her practice and her visitors and patients. She was a teacher of many children to read, a curer of sick people, and a counselor of stolen or lost things, and made her living by these works. She was taught the art by Dr. Lamb (perhaps an famous Astrologer patronized by Buckingham Royal) when she was his servant. So many people visited her and ask her help. Her suspicion had begun since her advice reached the trouble in the house of Master Goddard Esq. His wife was poisoned by someone, perhaps by her daughters in law. During Bodenham advised several matters of poison, the suspicious daughters (young gentlewomen) knew it, and Bodenham was arrested and sent to prison. No difference between the lawful and the demonic in Bodenham's arts and practices. People believed her good counselor, and repeatedly visited and asked her. Her arts belonged to the Cosmology in the Early Modern Europe, that is, the harmony was in both the world: macro-cosmos and the human body: micro-cosmos. The spirits were flowing through the cosmos. Bodenham's practices were believed to influence the power of the cosmology. They were no interest in the specificity of women's body both Bodenham and Anne Styles, who was believed to 'bewitched' by Bodenham. In the middle of 17th century England, women were not individually regarded and identified as having reproductive body when they taught, cured and counseled. Women did such works as almost same as men.

著者

野々村 淑子

出版者

九州大学大学院人間環境学研究院教育学部門

雑誌

大学院教育学研究紀要 (ISSN:13451677)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.125-140, 2011

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Christ's Hospital was one of the Royal London Hospitals established by London Corporation in 1552 transferred the authority from Henry Ⅷ. In Tudor period (1485—1603), Dissolution, enclosures, and collapse of manors and guilds caused many poor people to move into London. London governors, ministers, merchants, gentlemen and etc. expressed concern over many beggars and vagrants on the street. Royal London Hospitals aimed the relief them for peace and order streets and city of London, St. Thomas Hospital for the sick, St. Barthoromew's Hospital for the sick also, Bridewell Hospital for vagrants and beggars, and Christ's Hospital for healthy children. These were administrated by the public authorities, London Corporation, and were funded by private charity and London city. Private charity is said to appear in 16th century instead of alms and coexistence in middle ages. P. Slack says Royal London Hospitals 'represented the greatest experiment in social welfare in Tudor England'. In historical studies of social welfare, especially child welfare, the relation of Poor Law and private charity at poor relief in England is discussed in these days. This paper focuses manuscripts of admission in early days of Christ' Hospital, and makes clear the network surrounded among the poor children and treatment after relief. Many people aided the relief of poor children, requesting children to administration under Christ's Hospital, nursing them, and/or being masters of them as apprentices. Through this semi-public institution, Christ's Hospital, they relieved the poor children. At the same time their performances were one of the projects that separatedimprisonedisolatedprotectededucated the poor for social safety and order started in the early modern era. The new type of special concern for the poor's life, nutrition, health, and instruction of not only basic knowledge but more advanced knowledge, such as grammars appeared in Christ's Hospital. Parental role of bring up and support children wasn't presupposed in the mid 16th century London. Even relatives were seldom required. Many poor parents would bring up their offspring, but they weren't asked and forced the role of education and support of their children when they couldn't. People with private charitable spirit must have thought that they themselves should relieve the poor children for their parish or city, or must have been compelled to think so. Later period parental role, that is, paternal role of support and maternal role of taking care would be regarded as the 'natural' and have important function in poor relief. As the semi-public and semi-private type of poor relief, especially relief of poor children, Christ's Hospital must be researched more to clear the mechanism and the process of formation the 'modern' habitus for relief, life-protection and education of poor children.

著者

野々村 淑子

出版者

九州大学

雑誌

大学院教育学研究紀要 (ISSN:13451677)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.103-124, 2001

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This paper aims to clear the process of construction of modern 'Motherhood' in America. The modern 'Motherhood' is our image of mother who nurtures her child with love and affection, who thinks her maternal role is the most important of her family's and her own life, and who makes efforts of learning knowledge about child-rearing through books, magazines and so on. This image of modern 'Motherhood' was constructed by women in the early 19th century in the North America. The genre of 'domestic literatures' emerged in this period accompanied by industrialization and urbanization. The big printing and publishing industry rose, and they published and advertised a lot of published materials. The place of working and living were gradually divided, and 'home' had become 'women's sphere'. The image of 'home' of 'middling class', which is the new conscious of class, is formed by the father who is 'white-collar' worker and 'bread-giver', the mother who is the central symbol of the affectionate 'ome' and has the image described above, and the loving children. Women, who wanted be a member of 'middling class', bought and read 'domestic literatures', and the market of this genre grew. Women also wrote and constructed the new image of 'home' and 'motherhood', that is, the modem image of 'Motherhood'. On the one side, 'Affection' of 'Motherhood' was also discovered in the modern social theories and Protestant ministry's didactics as very effective means of education, 'Self-government' is the most important ideal of modernity, but they knew the difficulties of the education of the persons who could govern themselves. They discovered the 'Affection' of 'Mother' as the tool that could input the soft authority in the child's inner self. They also tried to find the position of 'Mother' in the modern society. On the other side, women who wrote and read 'domestic literatures' constructed 'Motherhood' as their 'selves'. They also participated in the formation of the 'Self-government' ideal for themselves. The 'Motherhood' constructed by women had the crucial paradox about the woman's 'Self'. It was 'Self-government' without 'Self' , that is, 'Self-denial', 'Self-sacrifice' and so on. But it was the only basis of women's ' Self' , that is 'Independence'. 'Affection', which was the symbol of women's 'weakness' in the colonial period, changed to be the women's 'Privilege' and 'Precedence'. 'Affection' functioned as the rhetoric of the specific remedy to dissolve the paradox of 'Motherhood' in women's discourses. In the later 19th and 20th centuries, this image of modern 'Motherhood' took the important role in the origins of Welfare States, the systems of education, and the relationship of parent and child.

著者

野々村 淑子

出版者

九州大学

雑誌

大学院教育学研究紀要 (ISSN:13451677)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.79-105, 2000

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Chatharine Esther Beecher was one of most famous women in 19th century America. She made efforts to advance institutions for women's education and wrote many advice books for women. Her major books on housekeeping are said to be the foundation of the modem domestic science. This paper discusses what 'motherhood' is, and how it functions. 'Motherhood' is the most important image in C. Beecher's works. Yet Woman's Profession as Mother and Educator, With Views in opposition to Woman Suffrage, written by her in 1872, is the only book which has the key word 'mother' in the title. C. Beecher says being a 'mother' is the most suitable work for women. She believes women should live in 'women's sphere', as emphasized in 19th century America. This idea is based on Providence in Christianity, and requires women to obey 'the family states'. However, she says almost nothing about the real and practical mothering. 'Motherhood' in her thought acquiring skills as 'mothers', C. Beecher's advice books on housekeeping were textbooks for girl's education and intended to give skills made them to earn for themselves. This image in C. Beecher's thought was the basis for two ways of thinking about 'motherhood' in the late 19th century and 20th century. The first was the 'maternalization' of public affairs. Since the late 19th century, Women have marched into the public arena, especially in the fields of public education and social welfare, in the name of 'motherhood'. The second was 'scientification' and 'professionalization' of 'motherhood'. The advice books to mothers came to be written by doctors and psychologists. These images of 'motherhood', regularized and rationalized, would provide the important idelolgy for thought about not only parent-child relations but also modern systems of 'education'.