著者

Tetsuya TAKAHASHI Michitaka KATO Kengo OBATA Ryo KOZU Toru FUJIMOTO Koji YAMASHITA Morihide ANDO Yusuke KAWAI Noriaki KOJIMA Hiroshi KOMATSU Kensuke NAKAMURA Yuhei YAMASHITA Shane PATMAN Akemi UTSUNOMIYA Osamu NISHIDA

出版者

Japanese Society of Physical Therapy

雑誌

Physical Therapy Research (ISSN:21898448)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.E10060, (Released:2020-11-25)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

7

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Objective: Early mobilization and rehabilitation has become common and expectations for physical therapists working in intensive care units have increased in Japan. The objective of this study was to establish consensus-based minimum clinical practice standards for physical therapists working in intensive care units in Japan. It also aimed to make an international comparison of minimum clinical practice standards in this area. Methods: In total, 54 experienced physical therapists gave informed consent and participated in this study. A modified Delphi method with questionnaires was used over three rounds. Participants rated 272 items as "essential/unknown/non-essential". Consensus was considered to be reached on items that over 70% of physical therapists rated as "essential" to clinical practice in the intensive care unit. Results: Of the 272 items in the first round, 188 were deemed essential. In round 2, 11 of the 62 items that failed to reach consensus in round 1 were additionally deemed essential. No item was added to the "essential" consensus in round 3. In total, 199 items were therefore deemed essential as a minimum standard of clinical practice. Participants agreed that 42 items were not essential and failed to reach agreement on 31 others. Identified 199 items were different from those in the UK and Australia due to national laws, cultural and historical backgrounds. Conclusions: This is the first study to develop a consensus-based minimum clinical practice standard for physical therapists working in intensive care units in Japan.

著者

小松 裕 Hiroshi Komatsu

出版者

熊本大学

雑誌

文学部論叢 (ISSN:03887073)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, pp.43-65, 2003-03-20

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近代の日本人のほとんどは、まぎれもないレイシストであった。それは、中国(人)観が証明している。江戸期には、満州族の風俗である「弁髪」をもって、清国人を「芥子坊主」「ぱっち坊主」と呼んでいたが、そこに侮蔑的な意味合いは含まれていなかった。それが、江戸中期以降に少しずつ変化し、アヘン戦争などで中国が列強の前に敗退すると、知識人の中に中国を反面教師とする中国観が成立してくる。そして、明治に入るとすぐに「チャンチャン坊主」という侮蔑的な呼称が使われはじめ、「豚尾漢」などの呼称とともに都市部・居留地から地方へと徐々に広まっていった。その過程は、同時に、清国人を「豚」の漫画や絵で視覚化し、蔑視の対象にしていく過程でもあった。しかし、日清戦争までは、こうした中国人観が地方の民衆の中にまで浸透していたとはいえず、侮れない強国とする認識も存在していたが、戦勝により、国民的レベルで侮蔑的な中国人観が定着していった。