- 著者
- Kazuhiro Kubo Mayu Kasumi Takatoshi Yamashita
- 出版者
- Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology
- 雑誌
- Food Science and Technology Research (ISSN:13446606)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.FSTR-D-23-00059, (Released:2023-07-27)
Hard water is softened because its use in everyday life can cause various problems in the living environment. However, existing water-softening methods have a number of drawbacks. Here we examined a new water-softening method involving atomization. Three concentrations of calcium-based synthetic hard water and a commercial natural hard water were prepared. Each hard water was sprayed into the atmosphere at 1 MPa from an atomization nozzle and then collected. Part of the collected water was recirculated, and the atomization treatment was continued. After the treatment, a white precipitate and fine bubbles were generated, the Ca2+ concentration and electrical conductivity decreased, and the pH increased. Then over time, the white precipitate increased slowly and the Ca2+ concentration decreased until finally it almost fell within the recommended range. This water-softening phenomenon was thought to be due to expansion of the gas-liquid interfacial area and generation of fine bubbles with atomization. This method is extremely simple and expected to show high versatility.
- 著者
- Naoko INABA Toshiro SATO Takatoshi YAMASHITA
- 出版者
- Center for Academic Publications Japan
- 雑誌
- Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.61, no.6, pp.471-480, 2015 (Released:2016-02-12)
- 参考文献数
- 32
- 被引用文献数
- 34
Vitamin K is essential for bone health, but the effects of low-dose vitamin K intake in Japanese subjects remain unclear. We investigated the effective minimum daily menaquinone-7 dose for improving osteocalcin γ-carboxylation. Study 1 was a double-blind, randomized controlled dose-finding trial; 60 postmenopausal women aged 50-69 y were allocated to one of four dosage group and consumed 0, 50, 100, or 200 μg menaquinone-7 daily for 4 wk, respectively, with a controlled diet in accordance with recommended daily intakes for 2010 in Japan. Study 2 was a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial based on the results of Study 1; 120 subjects aged 20-69 y were allocated to the placebo or MK-7 group and consumed 0 or 100 μg menaquinone-7 daily for 12 wk, respectively. In both studies, circulating carboxylated osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin were measured. The carboxylated osteocalcin/undercarboxylated osteocalcin ratio decreased significantly from baseline in the 0 μg menaquinone-7 group, in which subjects consumed the recommended daily intake of vitamin K with vitamin K1 and menaquinone-4 (Study 1). Menaquinone-7 increased the carboxylated osteocalcin/undercarboxylated osteocalcin ratio dose dependently, and significant effects were observed in both the 100 and 200 μg groups compared with the 0 μg group. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations decreased significantly, and the carboxylated osteocalcin/undercarboxylated osteocalcin ratio increased significantly in the 100 μg menaquinone-7 group compared with the placebo group (Study 2). Daily menaquinone-7 intake ≥100 μg was suggested to improve osteocalcin γ-carboxylation.