著者

犬童 健良

出版者

関東学園大学

雑誌

関東学園大学経済学紀要 (ISSN:13451588)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, pp.32-63, 2016-03-31

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J. Edmonds and D. R. Fulkerson defined a blocking system as a pair of subset families, i.e., a clutter and a blocker, in which the bottleneck theorem holds true (Journal of Combinatorial Theory, 1990, 8(3), 299-306). Blocking systems have been studied in several combinatorial problems, such as those including graph, matroid, network flow, optimal assignment, and multi-person games. In this study, blocking systems are applied to cognitive modeling of a single decision maker. The domain of the blocking system corresponds to aspects in the multi-dimensional comparison of alternatives, and the models are discussed including choice under risk, consumer brand choice, and reasoning task.

著者

犬童 健良

出版者

関東学園大学

雑誌

関東学園大学経済学紀要 (ISSN:13451588)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.25-103, 2015-03-31

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This study proposes a risky decision model, which models a single decision maker as a collection of microlevel agents. In this model, each agent focuses on gambles comprising two branches on their basic aspects, i.e., possible monetary outcomes and probabilities. In addition, it considers each agent as a simple condition of difference at a branch pair of the two gambles in comparison for each basic aspect, and a tuple of such conditions for both gambles forms a coalition of agents that may be effective (promotional) or preventive (inhibitive) to choose. This model is a special case of noncompensatory multiattribute decision making and is described through voting functions, which was first introduced by K. Jacobs in Socio-Combinatorics (in O. Moeschlin and D. Pallaschke, eds., Game Theory and Related Topics, 1979, 309–335). We reanalyze the experimental data in the literature, especially that in E. A. Mellers et al. (Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1990, 52, 331–369) to reconstitute the aspects and voting function of real people. This analysis revealed three main facts: First, a merit in probability is effective in changing a choice, but it makes the reasons for the choice unreliable. Second, a nonlinearity occurs if the voting functions for gain and loss are merged. Third, the priority heuristics proposed by E. Brandsttäter et al. (Psychological Review, 2006, 113, 409–432) can be considered as a search procedure for an effective aspect in agreement with the voting function. The appendices present the Prolog programs of voting functions and computational experiments.

著者

犬童 健良

出版者

関東学園大学

雑誌

関東学園大学経済学紀要 (ISSN:13451588)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.53-80, 2014-03-31

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Maurice Allais (Econometrica, 21, 503-546, 1953) proposed a choice problem designed to question comparison of paired gambles, in order to show that the Expected Utility Theory cannot predict choices by real people. Kahneman and Tversky (Econometrica, 47, 263-291, 1979) proposed Prospect Theory with a solution for this puzzle by using a probability weighting function. However, the shape of the weighting function of the decision-maker may differ between choice problems. Regret Theory, proposed by Bell (Operations Research, 30, 961-981, 1982) and Loomes and Sugden (The Economic Journal, 92, 805-824, 1982), used the notion of (anticipated) regret and rejoice to shed light on the role of cognitive attention on the difference in possible outcomes by not only the actual choice but also the counterfactual choice. In this paper, the Allais paradox is extended slightly, by adding a question on the evaluation of attention strength for each possible joint outcome (called a "cell" in this paper) on a pair of gambles, for each gamble to be chosen. The experimental results showed a persistent tendency for greater attention to regret than rejoice outcomes. Counterfactual outcomes draw more attention than the outcome of the gamble actually chosen. Further, regret cells, that is, joint outcomes of negatively valued differences, draw more attention from the participants who choose riskier options than participants who choose safer options, on average. In addition, by analyzing the monotonicity of the function from attention to choice, a consistent pattern that can explain the experimental results is derived. The monotonicity is argued to mean that the preference is stable for self-conscious decision makers. For the analysis of monotonicity, extraction of logical implications in attentional rank comparison, and so on, Prolog programs have been developed and used.