Flame-fusion method was invented by Verneuil in 1902 and has been used as useful method for growing Sapphire. By the simplicity of the method, it has many advantages as high purity, high growing rate, and low cost. Even today it is commercially used to growing Sapphire for watch windows, jewels, and many equipment parts. Here we describe the Sapphire products grown by this method.
The photo-induced activity and the thermally-induced activity of hydroxyapatite(HAp) were reviewed. It was shown that the trapped electron was generated in oxygen vacancy by UV irradiation or heat treatment. The organic pollutants can be oxidatively decomposed by the reaction with these active radical species. The similar properties of titanium dioxide were also discussed.