著者

小杉 泰

雑誌

国際大学大学院国際関係学研究科研究紀要 = Bulletin of the Graduate School of International Relations

巻号頁・発行日

1985-12-01

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The Islamic Revolution (1978-9) and the post-revolutionary political system in Iran are often interpreted as a Shi'i revolution and a Shi'i theocracy. Although the Iranian culture is strongly coloured by the tradition of Ithna 'Ashari school of Shi'ite Islam, it does not prove that contemporary Iranian political system is more sectarian than being generally lslamic. It is absurd to confirm its sectarian nature before examining its common features with other Islamic Cultures. Here brought are two lslamic Constitutions for comparison. One is the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, which enbodies general Islamic principles and particular historical structurcs set by the consequencies of the revolution. The other is a draft Islamic constitution written in 1978 by Sunni scholars in Egypt. Though this one is also situated in the general context of Islamic revival, the draft is not of revolutionary nature at all. Furthermore, since it was made as a theoretical one, not intended to be applied in a particular condition in a particular country, it is expressed in very general manner. Therefore the comparison of the two, which are supposedly a particular Shi'i one and a general Sunni one, is very useful to find what is Commonly Islamic. As a result, two constitutions show many ideas in common. Among these are:Unity of Ummah (Community-State); no distinction between regnum and sacerdotium; Divine Sovereignty and its trust to the humanity; the primacy of Islamic Law and the subordination of the state which serves the Law, hence the ethical raison d'etre ofthe state; the primacy of 'Ulama'who are regarded as guardians of this judicial law; the confinement of the administrative power within the limits set by Islamic Law; the idea of Islamic democracy and importation of the electral system as a usefUl device, not as a principle of the Western democracy.

著者

小杉 泰

雑誌

国際大学大学院国際関係学研究科研究紀要 = Bulletin of the Graduate School of International Relations

巻号頁・発行日

1984-12-01

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Middle Eastern societies have their own inherent political ideas, which can not be understood by judging how far they have absorbed Western political values, such as the liberal democracy. One of these is the idea of nizam ash- Shura or the system of Consultation. This concept is central to what we may call Islamic democracy. There is a striking similarity between the ideas expressed in Dr. A. I. al-Ansari's recent books on the Shura system, which are based on Sunni Islamic Law, and the political structure of contemporary Iran, which is based on the Shi'i tradition. In any Islamic state, authority derives partly from Islamic Law, as interpreted by the scholars, partly from the Ummah, or the whole community of believers. The idea of the ShUra system, which insists that no ruler can govern without consulting both the scholars of Islamic Law and the Ummah, was developed during the medieval period, when hereditory monarchies prevailed. After the denial of hereditory monarchies in the modern period the concept established itself as the fbundation for the Islamic democracy. The parallel existence of the National Assembly and the Guardians Council, which has the power of veto over the Assembly's legislation, as. seen in Iran, derives directly from this system.