- 著者
- Mori Chihiro Wada Kazuhiro
- 出版者
- Society for Neuroscience
- 雑誌
- Journal of Neuroscience (ISSN:02706474)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.35, no.3, pp.878-889, 2015-01-21
- 被引用文献数
- 31
Complex learned behavior is influenced throughout development by both genetic and environmental factors. Birdsong, like human speech, is a complex vocal behavior acquired through sensorimotor learning and is based on coordinated auditory input and vocal output to mimic tutor song. Song is primarily learned during a specific developmental stage called the critical period. Although auditory input is crucial for acquiring complex vocal patterns, its exact role in neural circuit maturation for vocal learning and production is not well understood. Using audition-deprived songbirds, we examined whether auditory experience affects developmental gene expression in the major elements of neural circuits that mediate vocal learning and production. Compared with intact zebra finches, early-deafened zebra finches showed excessively delayed vocal development, but their songs eventually crystallized. In contrast to the different rates of song development between the intact and deafened birds, developmental gene expression in the motor circuit is conserved in an agedependent manner from the juvenile stage until the older adult stage, even in the deafened birds, which indicates the auditionindependent robustness of gene expression dynamics during development. Furthermore, even after adult deafening, which degrades crystallized song, the deteriorated songs ultimately restabilized at the same point when the early-deafened birds stabilized their songs. These results indicate a genetic program-associated inevitable termination of vocal plasticity that results in audition-independent vocal crystallization.
- 著者
- Abe N. Greene J. D.
- 出版者
- Society for Neuroscience
- 雑誌
- Journal of Neuroscience (ISSN:02706474)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.34, no.32, pp.10564-10572, 2014-08-06
どうして正直者と嘘つきがいるのか? -脳活動からその原因を解明-. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2014-08-06.This study examines the cognitive and neural determinants of honesty and dishonesty. Human subjects undergoing fMRI completed a monetary incentive delay task eliciting responses to anticipated reward in the nucleus accumbens. Subjects next performed an incentivized prediction task, giving them real and repeated opportunities for dishonest gain. Subjects attempted to predict the outcomes of random computerized coin-flips and were financially rewarded for accuracy. In some trials, subjects were rewarded based on self-reported accuracy, allowing them to gain money dishonestly by lying. Dishonest behavior was indexed by improbably high levels of self-reported accuracy. Nucleus accumbens response in the first task, involving only honest rewards, accounted for ∼25% of the variance in dishonest behavior in the prediction task. Individuals showing relatively strong nucleus accumbens responses to anticipated reward also exhibited increased dorsolateral prefrontal activity (bilateral) in response to opportunities for dishonest gain. These results address two hypotheses concerning (dis)honesty. According to the "Will" hypothesis, honesty results from the active deployment of self-control. According to the "Grace" hypothesis, honesty flows more automatically. The present results suggest a reconciliation between these two hypotheses while explaining (dis)honesty in terms of more basic neural mechanisms: relatively weak responses to anticipated rewards make people morally "Graceful," but individuals who respond more strongly may resist temptation by force of Will.
- 著者
- Abe N. Greene J. D.
- 出版者
- Society for Neuroscience
- 雑誌
- Journal of Neuroscience (ISSN:02706474)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.34, no.32, pp.10564-10572, 2014-08-06
- 被引用文献数
- 69
どうして正直者と嘘つきがいるのか? -脳活動からその原因を解明-. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2014-08-06.