著者

村上 伸一

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.21-41, 2006-03-20

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This study examines the concepts of formal organizations, social systems, and personal systems defined by C. I. Barnard. In 1958, Barnard described that every formal organization was a social system. This description conflicts with the definition he expressed in 1938, when he defined organizations as subsidiary systems within cooperative systems that include physical, personal, and social systems. In this paper, an effort is made to explain and resolve these contradictions. Unlike previous study which focused on Barnard's personal situation, the study examines the theoretical reasons behind his personal situation at the time. By proposing an inclusive, stratiform concept of social systems, this study explains the differences among the following three concepts: formal organizations, social systems, and personal systems. This paper also points out the significance of the social systems presented by Barnard in 1938. Results of this study arbitrate between the concepts presented by Barnard in 1938 and 1958 concerning formal organizations. Furthermore, a linkage between ideas maintained by Barnard and Luhmann is proposed.