著者

徐仁範

雑誌

東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.1, pp.1-28, 2000-06

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There are two crises which endangered the capital city of Beijing during Ming dynasty. One happened in 1449, at the reign of King Zhengtong (正統帝), when Oirat, a Mongol tribe, invaded under Esen (也先) which was called the Tumu (土木) Incident. Another is Tatar's invasion called Gengxu's (庚戌) Incident.The basic military system of Earlier Ming called Weisuozhi (衛所制) originated in Junhu (the Military Drafting Books, 軍戸), but, in the middle period, the system had been weakened because of the deserters, defeats and other reasons. It was at that time when Tumu Incident happened, and Jingying (the Capital Defense Army, 京営) collapsed. To rebuild devastated national defense system, the Dynasty enlisted from Minhu (the Civilian Books, 民戸) of noncombatants. This was an emergency measure and a tentative decision because traditional army draft laws had proclaimed as "Don't disturb between Junhu and Minhu," and only mobilize Junhu soldiers. with this fundamental reorganization of military drafting system, Ming dynasty also institutionalized the volunteers and the people's army to intensify the capital defense and the Northern Frontier lines.In conclusion, after the middle period of the dynasty, Ming's military draft system had been relying mainly on Weisuozhi as the main pipe pine with the help of the volunteers, the people's and the enlisted army.