著者

井原 今朝男

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, pp.17-41, 2003-03

---

これまで室町期荘園制は荘園制解体過程として理解されてきた。本稿では、南北朝期から応安年間にかけて中世国家を代表する幕府と天皇権力が荘園制を再編成しようとする政策を推進し、在地からの下地中分の動向とリンクしたことによって再版荘園制が生まれ応永年間を中心に安定性をもって社会的に機能したことを主張した。第一に東国の南北朝期において天皇の綸旨によって棟別銭賦課が命じられ、それを将軍家と関東管領・守護が施行することによって強制徴収されていること、その中で寺社本所領と地頭堀内は免除されるという抵抗の論理が生きていた。しかも同じ時期に東国本所領という所領区分が存在し、そこでの年貢納入沙汰については武家沙汰として幕府権力によって強制的な保護が加えられていた。第二に、こうした地域編成区分がどのように登場してきたかを検討すると、室町幕府による建武四年から応安元年にいたる荘園政策立法によって、武家領・本所領という荘園所領の二大区分法が登場していた。しかも、幕府の荘園政策立法の推移を検討すると、延文二年令以後本所領内部に知行地をもっている武家被官の知行を公認するとともに、下地の半分を武家と本所で折半する法が強制執行されている。しかも「寺社一円之地」と「禁裏仙洞勅役料所」という新しい所領区分が登場しそこでは全面的に保護政策がとられ、武家被官と荘園領主層の両者の利益が両立するものとなっていた。応安の大法ではじめて諸国本所領という所領区分が登場しており、その延長線上に「東国本所領」とならんで「西国寺社本所領」が存在していたことをあきらかにした。この結果、院政期に荘園制が成立し室町期に衰退・解体するのではなく、室町幕府の荘園政策立法によって荘園制の枠組みも再編成されて新しい所領区分法が生み出され社会的に機能していたことを述べた。Until now, the view of the shoen system in the Muromachi Period has been one of the process of dismantling the shoen system. The thrust of this paper is that both the bakufu, that typifies the state in the years from the Nanbokucho Period through the Oan Period, and the imperial authorities, were promoting policies that were attempting to reconfigure the shoen system, and by having linked into the movement from the estate to the division into two halves, a revamped shoen system emerged, providing stability in the Oei period in particular, and playing a useful function in society.First of all, in the Togoku in the Nanbokucho period, it was the rinshi (order) of the emperor that commanded the payment of munabetsusen, and that was enforced through travel between the shogun's houses and Kanto kanryo / shugo. At the same time, there was still some ethic of resistance, with the honjoryo of temples and shrines and the jito horinouchi being exempted. Moreover, in the same period, there existed shoryo divisions called Togoku Honjoryo, and that was where the order to pay annual tributes was made in the form of a samurai order and protection applied unilaterally on the authority of the bakufu.Secondly, an investigation of how categories of regional configuration changed and emerged reveals that the establishment of shoen policy by the Muromachi bakufu from Kemmu 4 (1337) to Oan 1 (1368) , divided the shoen-shoryo into two major categories, bukeryo and honjoryo. Moreover, when the trends in the establishment of shoen policies by the bakufu are examined, from the ordinance in Enbun 2 (1357), in addition to recognizing the chigyo (possession) of the bukehikan who hold chigyo land, a law dividing half of the land between samurai and the honjo was enforced. Moreover, new shoryo divisions called "jisha ichiennochi" and "kinri sento chokuyaku ryosho" emerged, and a full-scale protective policy was taken for them. This enabled both the buke hikan and the shoen ryoshu level to gain benefits simultaneously. The shokoku honjoryo made its first appearance in the great law of Oan, and it has become clear that it was an extrapolation of this move that led to saikoku jisha honjoryo existing in parallel with the togoku honjoryo.This paper states that, as a result, it was not the case that the shoen system was established in the Insei period and declined or was dismantled in the Muromachi period. It was the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu's shoen policy that reconfigured the framework of the shoen system, producing the new shoryo category law (shoryo kubunho) , playing a role both in historical and societal terms.