著者

福岡 安則 黒坂 愛衣

出版者

埼玉大学大学院文化科学研究科

雑誌

日本アジア研究 : 埼玉大学大学院文化科学研究科博士後期課程紀要 = Journal of Japanese & Asian Studies (ISSN:13490028)

巻号頁・発行日

no.11, pp.221-248, 2014

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ハンセン病療養所「星塚敬愛園」に暮らす90歳代男性のライフストーリー。坂口守義(さかぐち・もりよし)さんは,1916(大正5)年,熊本県生まれ。出征中の中国でハンセン病を発症し,内地に送り返されて,1941(昭和16)年7月,星塚敬愛園に入所。2010年6月20日の聞き取り時点で,93歳。聞き手は,福岡安則,黒坂愛衣,金沙織(キム・サジク)。2011年1月23日と4月22日に,語り手本人を前にして原稿を読み上げながらの,原稿確認と補充聞き取りをさせていただいた。補充聞き取りでの語りは《 》で示す。坂口さんの語りからは,「反骨精神を貫いた人生!」との矜持が伺われる。徴兵検査甲種合格で,1937(昭和12)年1月に「入営」後,村の娘から手紙が来ると,班長が「その女に手紙を出すな,と言え」と命じるのに,「わたしにはそのひとにそんなことを言う権利はありません」と,軍隊での「成績」への悪影響をもかまわずに,抵抗。ハンセン病が発症して,内地に送り返された1940(昭和15)年11月,門司港上陸直前に,伸び放題になった髪の毛を刈りにきた看護婦が,完全防護の着衣等に身をくるんでいるのを見て,髪の毛を刈ることを拒否。けっきょく,看護婦長に普段のままの着衣での散髪をさせている。1944(昭和19)年,まだ戦時中に,「外出禁止」の療養所を抜け出して,監視員に見つかり,「監禁」の処分を受ける。監禁が解けた彼に,事務部長が「始末書を書け」と要求するも,すでにいちばん重い監禁の処分を受けただけで十分と,拒否。同じく1944(昭和19)年,園内結婚をした彼は,園側からも自治会からも「断種」を求められるが,拒否。断種しなければ「夫婦舎」に入れないというのに対して,園を抜け出して,故郷の役場で婚姻届を出し,それをもって正式な夫婦であることを園長に認めさせて,「断種」を拒否したまま,1950(昭和25)年時点で「夫婦舎」に入居している。妻が妊娠し,敗血症のため「流産」したときには,胎児を自分で始末し,「妊娠」を疑う女医をやりこめている。さらに,戦後になって,入所者自治会が一定の権限をもつようになり,自治会の主導権争いが激化したなかで,代議士や警察署長を相手にしても,抵抗の姿勢を崩さなかったという。あるいは,金員でもってまるめこもうとする園長に,そのカネを突き返すなど,坂口さんが「敬愛園での生活は抵抗の生活だった」と,みずから評しているのも頷ける。原稿確認の作業が一段落したあと,それまでは言葉少なかった「戦争体験」について,あらためてうかがったところ,じつは,自身の「戦歴」の克明な記録を残している,という。坂口さんは,「兵隊としての体験」を語りたくなかったわけではなく,おそらくは,わたしたちが「ハンセン病者としての体験」を聞きたがっていると判断して,ほとんどもっぱら,ハンセン病体験を語ってくれたものと思われる。一連の追加の語りのなかで,初年兵に「生きた捕虜」を銃剣で刺し殺させる「訓練」にあたったことなども語ってくれた。「いま考えれば,身震いするようなことが,当時は平気でできてしまった」と。こうして,貴重な語りを聞き逃すことを避けられて,聞き手としては,遠慮せずにお聞きしてよかったと思う。なお,語り手が「ふくししつ」と発音していても,時代状況からして,療養所が実質的に「収容所」にほかならず,管理が厳しかった時代の「事務別館」をさす場合には,「事務別館(ふくししつ)」と記載することで,意味と発語の双方を記録できるように工夫した箇所もあることをお断りしておく。また,〔 〕は文意を明確にするための聞き手による補足である。This is the life story of a man living in Hoshizuka-Keiaien, a Hansen's disease facility.Moriyoshi Sakaguchi was born in Kumamoto prefecture in 1916. He was discovered to exhibit symptoms of Hansen's disease while he was fighting in the battlefield in China and as a result, was sent back to Japan. He entered Hoshizuka-Keiaien in July 1941. He was 93 years old at the time of the interview on June 20, 2010. Yasunori Fukuoka, Ai Kurosaka, and Sajik Kim acted as interviewers for this study. The interviewers read the script in front of the interviewee twice on January 23 and April 22, 2011 for revision and approval.When we learned of his life story, we found that he possessed much pride for living a life of resistance.He passed the health check for the military draft and joined the army in January 1937. When he received a letter from a girl in his village, the squad leader said to him, "Order the girl to stop sending letters to the camp." However, he replied, "I do not have the right to order her to do that." This kind of resistance would negatively affect his career in the army but he was not concerned about it.On November 1940, when he was sent back to Japan for having symptoms of Hansen's disease, a nurse visited him to cut his long hair before he landed on Moji but he was offended because she insisted on wearing a fully protective suit out of fear of contracting the disease and refused to let her to cut his hair. In the end, the head nurse cut his hair without the suit.In 1944, during the war, when patients were forbidden from leaving the sanatorium, he went out of the facility without permission. He was caught by the guard of the facility and was subjected to solitary confinement as a penalty. After he was released from confinement, the office head tried to force him to write a formal apology but he refused because he believed that the penalty he had endured was more than enough.In the same year, he got married in the facility. Both the authorities and the self-governing body of the facility recommended him to undergo sterilization but he refused. The officials at the sanatorium would not allow him to live with his wife in the room designated for a married couple within the facility. He sneaked out of the facility and went to his hometown to officially register his marriage. He persuaded the head of the facility that he had the right to live with his wife in the room for a married couple because he was legally married. Ultimately, six years later, the facility allowed him to live in the room without undergoing sterilization. His wife became pregnant but miscarried the baby due to septicemia, so he buried the dead body of the fetus by himself, hiding evidence of his wife's pregnancy.After the war ended, patients within the facility were able to obtain increased rights from officials within the facility. Subsequently, the patients were further factionalized due to an ensuing power struggle from within the group. In order to assuage the intensifying power struggle, a congressman and police chief were brought into the sanatorium to intervene. Sakaguchi did not change his attitude of resistance even toward the congressman and police chief. The head of the facility once tried to bribe him into cooperating but he refused, throwing money in his face. He considered his life in the facility to be a life of resistance.After receiving approval of the interview transcript from Sakaguchi, we asked some questions about his experience during the war that he had barely talked about during the interview. In response, he showed us personal records of various events that had taken place during the war. We learned that he did not intentionally hide what he had experienced during the war, and shared only his experience as a Hansen's disease ex-patient because he thought we were only interested in that part of his life. He did share an additional story about wartime experiences, however. When he was a lance corporal in the army, he trained young soldiers to stab live prisoners of war with a bayonet and kill them. He said that now he realizes it was a horrifying experience but he did it with nonchalance at the time. As interviewers, we thought it would be valuable to ask about his experiences as a soldier to provide a more comprehensive account of his life.