著者

福島 金治

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.210, pp.203-221, 2018-03

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経尊著『名語記』は鎌倉中期の辞書で、金沢文庫を設けた北条実時が所持していた。その立場は、京都伏見稲荷の社僧、万里小路資通の弟、花山院宣経の子とする説等がある。藤原定家流の人々との交流を通して在京する北条氏一族と昵懇な関係を築いていたとされる。本稿では、経尊本人の経験した内容を手がかりにその立場と活動の実態を検討した。経尊周辺には後鳥羽院と親近な関係者がいた。それは後鳥羽院の御所・水無瀬殿が広瀬殿に変えられたとある記載にうかがえ、広瀬殿のみえる慈光寺本『承久記』と基盤が共通する。また、備中国村社郷に下向し、郷の住人と目録の読み合わせを行っているが、村社郷の領主紀氏は将軍実朝から安堵され、媒介したのは源仲章であった。仲章は後鳥羽院の近習で、一族の慈光寺家には慈光寺本『承久記』が伝えられ、慈光寺家文書には村社郷の文書が伝来している。経尊は慈光寺家と近い関係にあったと推測される。『名語記』の特徴の一つは下級官人や職人のことやそれに関わる俗語が多くみえることで、経尊は職人支配と深く関わっていたと考えられてきた。そこで慈光寺家の関連内容をみると、仲章の一流は院や朝廷の物資の調達や職人の管理と関わっていた。こうした問題は経尊の地方との関係にもうかがえる。記述の多い西国との関係のなかで年貢や交通・流通に関わる記述をみると、美作では百姓に鍬を賦課して納入できない場合は鹿皮で代替するのが国例とある。また、伊予石は京都市中で竈の石材とされていることがみえる。伊予石の主産地は砥石山(愛媛県砥部町外山)とみられ、そこは伏見稲荷社領山崎荘に含まれる可能性が高い。このことは本人の京都伏見稲荷社に関わる記述と符合する。こうした点から、経尊は伏見稲荷の社僧を基本にしており、慈光寺家出身、または慈光寺家に仕える家に出自があり、荘園の経営実務にたけた人物であったと考えられる。Myōgoki is a dictionary compiled by Kyōson in the mid-Kamakura period and possessed by Hōjō Sanetoki, the founder of the Kanesawa Bunko (Kanesawa Library). As to the origin of the compiler, several theories have been proposed, such as a priest of Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto, a younger brother of Madenokōji Sukemichi, and a son of Kazanin Nobutsune. Kyōson is also believed to have established close relationships with the Hōjō family in Kyoto through interaction with calligraphers of the Teika school. This article examines the experiences of Kyōson to elucidate his social status and activities.Kyōson is assumed to have been acquainted with those closely associated with ex-Emperor Gotoba. One of the reasons for this assumption is because Myōgoki states that the residence of the ex-emperor had been renamed from Minase-dono to Hirose-dono. This imperial villa is also called as Hirose-dono in the Jikōji version of Jōkyūki (Record of the Jōkyū Disturbance). This common description implies that the two documents had a common basis. Moreover, Kyōson visited Murakosogō in Bicchū in order to collate his inventory with that of local residents. He was introduced to the Ki family, who had been enfeoffed with the estate by Shōgun Sanetomo, by Minamoto no Nakaakira, who was a retainer of ex-Emperor Gotoba and whose family (Jikōji) kept the Jikōji version of Jōkyūki as well as the Jikōji documents including the records of Murakosogō. It is therefore presumed that Kyōson had close relationships with the Jikōji family.One of the characteristics of Myōgoki is that it is largely devoted to describing lower government clerks and artisans and their jargon. It has been believed that Kyōson was deeply involved in the control of artisans. Meanwhile, an analysis of description of the Jikōji family reveals that the Nakaakira branch was engaged in the control of artisans and the procurement of goods for the ex-emperor and the Imperial Court. The association of Kyōson with these kinds of people is also observed in his relationships with provincial authorities. His description as to land tax, transport, and logistics in western provinces, on which he spent considerable ink, includes the statement that typically, in Mimasaka, farmers were taxed on their hoes and paid the balance due with buckskin when they could not pay the tax in full. Myōgoki also states that in Kyoto, kilns were made of Iyo stone, which was mainly mined in Mount Toishi (in Toyama, Tobe Town, Ehime Prefecture), which is likely to be included in the Yamazaki estate of Fushimi Inari Shrine. This is consistent with his description about the shrine. Therefore, it is assumed that he was principally serving as a priest at Fushimi Inari Shrine, originally came from the Jikōji family or its subordinate family, and had expertise in the management of estates.