著者
神保 格
出版者
日本言語学会
雑誌
言語研究 (ISSN:00243914)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1954, no.26, pp.1-15, 1954

Take those facts usually called Social Usage, &lsquo;Custom, &rsquo;&lsquo;Convention, &rsquo; etc. By analysing them, we find, among others, the following attributes:(<I>a</I>) Voluntary behaviour, (<I>b</I>) Mutual imitation, (<I>c</I>) Frequent repetition. We take up those facts which contain these attributes, and give them a provisional name &lsquo;Social Usage&rsquo;(or simply &lsquo;Usage&rsquo;). Corollaries to these are-1. Usage requires to be learned and memorized, to be &lsquo;taught&rsquo; by environing persons. 2. Usage is fixed in abstract, as compared with each concrete instance of acts. 3. Number of persons who know and act a given Usage is limited, thus making up a &lsquo;Usage-Community.&rsquo; cf.&lsquo;language (or linguistic) community.&rsquo; 4. Usage has a power outside of individuals, an existence that &lsquo;transcends&rsquo; individuals.(A warning is here necessary, a warning against a confusion of (a) being outside of, transcending individuals and (b) being outside of, transcending all <I>human being</I>.) 5. Usage is subject to historical change.<BR>Each individual has a memory-idea of a usage. He can realize it in actual behaviour, but a voluntary act can be checked at will, or be replaced by other voluntary acts. We combine in daily life many voluntary acts in order to attain a remote end, (non-voluntary behaviours usually accompany them.) E. g. Catching a street-car (remote end). 1st. I rise up from my seat; 2nd. walk toward the door; 3rd. open the door; etc. etc. Each act is a voluntary one, containing in stself an end and a means (muscular movements). It is, so to speak, a &lsquo;Unit&rsquo;.

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