著者

千賀 久

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, pp.283-307, 2004-02

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日本の古墳から出土する飾り馬用の馬装具は,その系統の違いによって「新羅系」と「非新羅系」とに大きく分けられるが,その主流となるのは後者の特徴をもつ馬具である。この分類基準は,朝鮮半島の5世紀後半以降の馬具の製作地の違いを示す要素として,金斗喆氏が提示したものであり,「新羅系」馬具は主に高句麗と新羅,そして加耶の一部の馬具に見られ,「非新羅系」馬具は主に百済と加耶に集中するという傾向があるので,日本の馬装具の系譜を知る際にも有効な分類といえる。本論では,このうち「非新羅系」馬具を取り上げて,まず,日本出土のf字形鏡板付轡と剣菱形杏葉の故地の候補地である大加耶圏の馬装具の変遷のなかで,同地域で馬具の改造が頻繁に行われていたことに注目した。その多くは,「新羅系」・新羅製馬具から「非新羅系」への作り替えであり,その背景には百済地域からの強い影響が考えられ,特に高句麗との戦いで百済が一時的に滅ぼされた5世紀後半には,その難を逃れた工人を受け入れたことによる大加耶圏の工房の変容を想定した。また,剣菱形杏葉が考案された地域については,韓国での百済古墳の実年代観に議論の余地を残しているが,百済の公州地域でf字形鏡板と同時に創作された可能性のほうが強いと考えた。そして,日本列島にもたらされたf字形鏡板・剣菱形杏葉の馬装具は,百済から直接きたものと,百済製品が大加耶圏を経由してきた場合,さらに大加耶圏でそれらが模倣されたものが運ばれた場合とが想定できる。また6世紀前半には,新羅の心葉形鏡板・杏葉の馬装具が大加耶圏で改造されたものが,日本の楕円形の飾り馬具に系譜的につながると考えた。このように,5世紀後半から6世紀前半ごろまでの日本の馬装具の系譜は,まず百済に,その後は大加耶圏に求められた。これは,当時の朝鮮半島情勢のなかで,日本列島の倭と友好関係を維持していた地域を知るうえで有効な資料となる。Ornamental horse gear that has been excavated from burial mounds in Japan is broadly classified into one of two categories depending on differences in their origin. These relics are classified as either "Silla-type" or "non-Silla type", with the majority possessing characteristics found in the latter category. The criteria for these categories are based on elements indicating differences in the regions where horse gear was made on the Korean Peninsula from the second half of the 5th century, which have been put forward by Mr. Kim Doo-Chul (金斗喆). Horse gear belonging to the "Silla-type" are thought to be those from Koguryo and Silla and some parts of Gaya, while "non-Silla type" horse gear tend to be concentrated in Paekche and Gaya. These categories are most useful when determining the origin of horse gear discovered in Japan.This paper examines horse gear of the "non-Silla type", by first paying particular attention to the frequent modifications that were made to horse gear in Dae-Gaya, which has been nominated as the likely place of origin of bridles with f-shaped cheek pieces and diamond-shaped horse accessories that have been excavated in Japan. Most of this gear has been remade into the "non-Silla type" after having originally been made as horse gear fitting the "Silla-type" category. It is believed that strong influences from the Paekche region were at play here. In particular, during the second half of the 5th century when Paekche was temporarily decimated in a war with Koguryo, it is believed that the influx of craftsmen into Dae-Gaya who were fleeing the troubles there transformed the craft. Although there is ongoing debate as to the age of Paekche burial mounds in Korea, it is considered highly likely that the diamond-shaped horse ornaments were made in the Kongju (公州) region of Paekche at the same time as the f-shaped cheek pieces were made.It is assumed that the f-shaped cheek pieces and diamond-shaped accessories that were brought to the Japanese Archipelago were either brought directly from Paekche or, in the case of articles that were made in Paekche but came via Dae-Gaya, it was the imitations of these articles that were made in Dae-Gaya that were brought to Japan. It is also believed that horse gear such as heart-shaped bridles and ornaments made in Silla but modified in Dae-Gaya in the early part of the 6th century have historical links to Japanese horse gear that is cylindrical in shape.In this way, the origins of horse gear in Japan dating from the second half of the 5th century through to the early part of the 6th century are to be found first in Paekche, and then later in Dae-Gaya. These are most useful materials for learning about the regions that maintained friendly relations with the Japanese state of Wa amid the ever-changing state of affairs in the Korean Peninsular at that time.