- 著者
-
岩井 宏実
- 出版者
- 国立歴史民俗博物館
- 雑誌
- 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.36, pp.p333-352, 1991-11
曲物は,刳物・挽物・指物(組物)・結物などとともに木製容器の一種類であるが,その用途はきわめて広く,衣・食・住から生業・運搬はもちろんのこと,人生儀礼から信仰生活にまでおよび,生活全般にわたって多用されてきた。そして,円形曲物・楕円形曲物は,飛鳥・藤原の時代にすでに大小さまざまのものが多く用いられ,奈良時代には方形・長方形のものがあらわれ,古代において広くその使用例を見ることができる。今日広く普及している桶・樽などの結物は,鎌倉時代後期から室町時代初期にその姿を見せるが,実際に庶民の日常生活に広く用いられるようになったのは,近世になってからである。したがって,それ以前は桶といえばすべて曲物であった。こうした曲物は神事・仏事にも多く用いられており,神具でいえば御樋代・奉納鏡筥・火桶・忌桶・三方・折敷・折櫃・行器その他さまざまな形状の神饌容器がある。また仏具では経筒内容器・布薩盥・閼伽桶・浄菜盆あるいは各種仏具容器として用いられている。神事や仏事は古風を尊び,できるだけ原初の姿を伝承しようとする風があるゆえ,それに用いる神具・祭具や仏具も古い用法や形状を伝えているものが多い。そこでそうした現行顕在曲物を検討していくとともに,出土遺物や文献資料あるいは絵巻物などの絵画資料をあわせて考察すると,曲物の様式的変遷も明らかになってくる。その結果,曲物のはじめは底板が固定されたものではなく,平らな板の上に側板を載せただけのもので,つぎに底板を側板の口径より大きく切り,随所に孔をあけて紐や樹皮で側板を底板に綴じつけたものになり,さらに底板に側の内径にあたる部分を厚くし,側板の接する部分から外側を薄くし,底板に側板がよく納まるようにしたカキイレゾコに似た仕様のものへとかわり,そこから漸次進歩して今日見るかたちになる過程を知ることができる。The round chip vessel is a type of wooden receptacle, together with the hollowed vessel, turned vessel, sectional vessel, tied vessel, and so on. Its wide range of applications extends from clothing, food, housing, industry, and transportation, to ceremonies in daily life and religious life; in other words, it has been widely used in all aspects of human life. Various sizes of round or oval chip receptacles were used as early as the Asuka and Fujiwara periods. In the Nara period, square or rectangular receptacles appeared. Thus, there are many examples of its usage in the Ancient times.Tied vessels such as pails or barrels, which are wide-spread today, appeared from the later Kamakura to the early Muromachi periods; but it was in the Early Modern period that they actually became widely used in the everyday life of the common people. Therefore, pails before the Early Modern Period can all be considered as round chip vessels.These round chip vessels were much used in Shinto and Buddhist ceremonies as well. Shinto ritualistic implements include Mihishiro, Honō Kagami Bako (mirror boxes), Hioke (fire pails), Imioke, Sanbō (offeratory stands), Oshiki (plates), Oribitsu (boxes), Hokai, and other various types of receptacles for food and wine offered to the gods. Buddhist ritualistic implements include Kyōzutsunaiyōki (cylindrical cases for sutras), Fusatsu Tarai Akaoke (water pails), Jyōsaibov (trays for vegetables), and other various cases for Buddhist implements. Since there is a tendency in Shinto or Buddhist rites to respect the ancient manner and to hand down the original styles, many of the Shinto or Buddhist implements used for these rites retain their ancient usages and shapes.Therefore, while studying the existing round chip receptables, excavated articles and materials seen in philological documents or picture scrolls were investigated to clarify the stylistic transition of round chip receptables, as a result of which, the following process came to light. 1) At first, the bottom board was not fixed, but the side board was put on a flat bottom board. 2) Then, the bottom board was cut larger than the side board, and holes were pierced at appropriate positions for stitching the side board together with the bottom board, using a cord or bark string. 3) The bottom board was made thicker in the part where it touched the inner diameter of the side board, and the outside of the side board was thinned starting from where it touched the bottom board, so that the bottom board would fit well to the side board. This is similar to the specification for Kakiirezoko. 4) Finally, the round chip receptables were improved into the form we see today.