著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.143-158, 2015 (Released:2020-12-03)

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Transitions in the Standards and Test Methods of Bromovalerylurea in JP V (1932) and JP X VI (2011), and Comparison with Deutsches Arzneibuch]. Soam discovered the drug Bromovalerylurea (or less BV) in 1907. After that, BV was imported in Japan in the latter part of the Meiji period as Western medicine. Under the influence of the First World War, in Japan, BV was domestic production. And BV are listed in JP V (1932), it is continued listing until the current JP X VI (2011). As a foreign pharmacopoeia which listed the BV, only in addition to the JP, there was a German Pharmacopoeia (DAB). During this time, the JP and DAB, the standards and test methods of BV, it was amended as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The discrimination test and analysis test was defined based on the chemical properties of urea and isovaleric acid and bromine. Therefore, consistency was seen in the chemical criteria for test. From this it is understood that BV is Bromoisovalerateureido synthesized based on urea and isovaleric acid and bromine. This isovaleric acid is the active ingredient of Japanese Valerian and Valerian roots. BV is an organic synthetic urea derivative that was effectively improved organic synthesis isovaleric acid with respect to quality and efficacy surface. For this reason at the time that BV have been developed, it is an ideal new drug, it was described as a good medicine have no side effects. But to BV, there is a nature that it has tolerance, addictive, a dependency. In Japan after the Second World War, there was a lack of awareness about the nature of such BV. That it had become a system that masses can easily purchase the BV. Revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law of 1960 against in this, selling regulation of BV is provided. However, for analgesic formulated with BV of dose observed in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, as generic drugs, selling is permitted, it is continuing until today. For this reason in recent years, long-term use of BV by self-judgment of the masses is frequent. And chronic bromine poisoning BV by this it have been a problem. Therefore regard to BV, always for their safety, including the overseas situation, I think it is important to seize the new knowledge and information. PMID: 27149780 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.13-32, 2015 (Released:2020-12-03)

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In mental clinics, bromide agents such as potassium bromide were often once used as therapeutic drugs to treat psychiatric disorders. They were also given as hypnotic, sedative and antiepileptic medicines. However, the appearance of new medicines has resulted in them not being used for these purposes in recent years. Potassium bromide is still continuously listed in today's JP and BP. This suggests that it maintains value as a basic medicine for treating mental disorders in the history of psychotropic medicines. However, regarding the standards and test methods for potassium bromide in the present JP, as a result of a comparison between the USP of the same age, BP and EP, a gap is seen, and this is very regrettable. The exchange of art and scientific information related to medical sciences with foreign countries is becoming more active today. Therefore, scholarly information overseas should be collected and reflected in the standards and test methods for potassium bromide adopted in the JP of Japan. The author believes that the standards and test methods comparable to those at the international level should introduced. On the other hand, potassium bromide was recently relisted by USP29 (2006) for the first time in approximately 50 years. Moreover, instrumental analysis was introduced as part of the test methods in BP2013; that is, an epoch-making revision was made in terms of test methods. It is assumed from this that there is a sign of new change regarding the existence of potassium bromide as hypnotic, sedative and antiepileptic medicines, and its utility value. It is believed that the sign of change in view of the utility value and pharmacological evaluation probably arose with the new clinical knowledge that potassium bromide was used to treat a baby seriously ill with myoclony epilepsy, as well as to treat a dog with epilepsy. PMID: 26427096 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.63-74, 2013 (Released:2020-12-30)

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Japanese valerian is a herbal medicine with a long history that continues from the first edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JPI) (1886) to the present JPXVI (2011). This research focuses on the standards and test methods of this item in JPI (1886) to JPXVI (2011), and the pharmacological evaluation of this item in Japan was considered while comparing it with the result of transitions of the standards and test methods of European valerian (valerian root) in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) described in a previous report and in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). It can be said that the standards and tests of this item in today's JPXVI (2011) have been able to maintain quality. However, based on comparison with today's USP and BP, the JPXVI (2011) standards and tests do not reflect the surprising progress in pharmacology that has been made in recent years and do not sufficiently reflect the circumstances of this item that are clarified to some extent in the surrounding information. For these reasons, the pharmacological evaluation of this item in the JP is considered satisfactory. It is thought that there is relatively low demand for this item in Japan compared with the demand for valerian root in Europe and America. That is, it is thought that this item is not highly evaluated in Japan compared to the pharmacological evaluation of European valerian (valerian root) in Europe and America. It was found that the pharmacological evaluation in Japan has not been high in recent years although this item received high appraisal before World War II worldwide in terms of quality. However, there are expectations for higher evaluations in the future in respect to its effect and safety as a natural medicine.

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.41-50, 2017 (Released:2020-08-09)

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The author felt that the course of history for the cultivation of Angelica is very similar to that of Valerian in Japan, and therefore conducted a philological investigation regarding the history of Angelica. It is believed that the historical value of Valerian could be increased by evaluating the pharmaceutical history of Angelica. First, a search of the transition in standards and test methods of Angelica, as indicated in JP, was carried out. After that, research on the origin of the drug (area of production), which is considered important in the evaluation of quality, and the relation to demand as a crude drug were considered. As the result, it was found that the origin and cultivar of Angelica, as the standard product of JP, were revised during the distribution of Angelica in Japan' s crude drug market. This was also influenced by a change in circumstances resulting from the popularity of Chinese medicine. The scope of Angelica plant origin was expanded when JP IX (1976) was revised. However, the properties of crude drugs, including appearance, internal geometry, and contents such as ash, acid-insoluble ash, and mare ethanol extract of Angelica, were the standard for Yamato Angelica, the same as before. This data remains to be valid, and is exists in the current volume, JP XVII (2016). It is possible to adjust the contents of ash, acid-insoluble ash, and mare ethanol extract by devising ways to prepare the crude drug after harvesting. However, the properties of a crude drug are a fixed standard that cannot be changed by adjustment. The standards of the original Angelica plant is limited to only two species: Yamato Angelica and Hokkai Angelica, as reported in JPXIII-2 (1997). The difference in the properties of the two species as a crude drug are the appearance, such as color and shape, aromaticity and taste. There is also a notable difference in part of the internal geometry. The property standard of Angelica stated in JP is the standard for evaluating its quality. Therefore, if the properties of the crude drug Hokkai Angelica, or the differences between the two species, are presented in JP, it is believed that the quality evaluation for Angelica would be more specific. Due to the progress of plant chemistry studies in recent years, the constituents of Angelica have been identified and chemical structure determined. The active elements have also been clarified and the assay system established. The author believes that the results of these plant chemical building-block studies will be contribute to judging the quality of Angelica and providing a reliable chemical quality evaluation method.

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.36-51, 2023-06-30 (Released:2023-08-10)

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目的:パッションフラワーには,穏やかな催眠・鎮静作用と抗不安作用があり,ヒステリー・ノイローゼの緩和,不眠の緩和・解消に使われてきた. 2000年になって,EPおよびBPに収載され,その規格・試験法が規定された.方法:1)EP3.0(2000)-EP10.3(2021),およびBP2000-BP2022に収載されたパッションフラワーの規格・試験法について調査した.2)EP,BPに収載のパッションフラワーの規格・試験法に規定された各種C-グリコシルフラボンの学術情報に関して,J-Globalで検索した.結果:1)EPおよびBPでは,薄層クロマトグラフィーによる成分定性分析によりビテキシン,イソビテキシン,オリエンチン,イソオリエンチン,スウェルチシンなどの各種C-グリコシルフラボンが検出できることが規定された.2)近年の研究では,パッションフラワーは成分化学的一貫性により従来のイソビテキシン化学種とスウェルチシン化学種の2つの化学種(タイプ)に種分けされる.3)C-グリコシルフラボンはポリフェノール類のフラボノイドに属する.パッションフラワーの抗うつ効果,抗不安効果は含有成分のC-グリコシルフラボンの(1)抗炎症作用,(2)抗酸化作用,(3)抗酸化ストレス作用に準じたものと考えられる.抗不安作用は中枢神経系のベンゾジアゼピン受容体への特異的結合,鎮静作用は脳内GABA受容体の結合によるGABAの活性化と考えられる.結論:パッションフラワーは抗うつ効果,抗不安効果,抗ストレス効果などの精神安定作用を発揮する.さらに(1)-(3)の生物学的活性効果に準じて,多種多様の幅広い生体利用が捻出されヒトの健康維持,恒常性維持への貢献に期待できるものと考えられる.今後,パッションフラワーが医薬品(生薬)としてのさらなる展開に期待したい.

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.135-149, 2018

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As a similar herbal medicine to Angelica Acutilobae Root, there is the Angelic Archangelica Root in Europe. Regarding Angelica Archangelica Root, it disappeared from foreign pharmacopoeia with the inclusion of DABVIIeast (1964). However, in recent years, in foreign pharmacopoeia, Angelica ArchangelicaRoot was again listed in EP beginning with EP4.0 (2002). In compliance with this, it was also listed in BP from BP2002. In regards to the reasoning for this, it is possible that the Angelica Archangelica Root may have been reevaluated in Europe. After that, other herbal medicines of the Angelica genus were also listed in EP and BP. Today, in EP and BP, there are four kinds of Angelica genus herbal medicines: Angelica Archangelica Root, Angelica Dahurica Root, Angelica Pubescens Root, and Angelica Sinensis Root.This time, research was conducted on the standards of and test methods for Angelica Archange Root,Angelica Dahurica Root, Angelica Pubescens Root, and Angelica Sinensis Root in EP4.0 (2002)~EP9.0 (2017) and BP2002~BP2018. For the four standards and test methods, the formats described and test methods, such as identification test, purity test, quantitative analysis, etc., are unified. This clearly revealed the morphological and chemical characteristics of each. Thin-layer chromatography was used for the identification and purity tests. The reference solution used was unified into three kinds : Z-ligustilide, osthole, and imperatorin. For this reason, the test results clearly show the differences between the characteristic ingredients in each variety. For quantitative analysis, Angelica Archangelica Root requires calculation of the essential oil content. Other than that, the components identified were quantified by liquid chromatography to calculate their content. Angelica Dahurica Root is required for imperatorin, Angelica Pubescens Root for osthole, and Angelica Sinensis Root for E-ferulic acid content. It is suggested that these ingredient contents are the chemical quality evaluation criteria that influence the quality and medicinal efficacy of herbal medicines. It was interesting to seek calculation of the content of E-ferulic acid through a quantitative analysis of Angelica Sinensis Root. Ferulic acid has various actions such as the ability to digest active oxygen, and a wide range of health effects could be seen. It was also reported that ferulic acid has an inhibitory effect on the progression of Alzheimer's dementia. Therefore, regarding Angelica Acutilobae Root and Angelica Sinensis Root, it is considered that there was a significant change in value as the result of evaluating quality by obtaining the ferulic acid content.

著者

柳沢 清久

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.p41-54, 1990

被引用文献数

2