著者

楠田 哲也 近藤 隆二郎 原田 秀樹 迫田 章義 澤田 浩介 Peter R. Kauticke Julino R. Zapata

出版者

Japan Society of Civil Engineers

雑誌

土木史研究 (ISSN:09167293)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.365-371, 2001-05-01 (Released:2010-06-15)

参考文献数

7

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The old civilization is a typical example of the sustainable society, which may provide us with much information on it. Machu Picchu, one of the towns in Inca, was surveyed in 1999 and 2000 on the system of water supply and drainage to investigate sustainable systems which it might own.Machu Picchu had two springs for water resources. Water distribution was done with open channels made by stone. Water distributed to the town was utilized at a series of 16 fountains in cascade use and probably in time sharing. The first to the third fountains would be for ritual and others for drinking and irrigation. Machu Picchu had neither drainage nor wastewater treatment systems. The population in Machu Picchu was estimated around 2400 from the water supply capacity. The society of Machu Picchu was under severe restriction on water supply, and not safe on drinking water.

著者

Teppei J. Yasunari K.-M. Lau Sarith P. P. Mahanama Peter R. Colarco Arlindo M. da Silva Teruo Aoki Kazuma Aoki Naoto Murao Sadamu Yamagata Yuji Kodama

出版者

(公社)日本気象学会

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.50-56, 2014 (Released:2014-04-23)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

5 13

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The snow darkening module evaluating dust, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) depositions on the mass of snow impurities and albedo has been developed for the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5) Earth System Model, as the GOddard SnoW Impurity Module (GOSWIM). GOSWIM consists of the updated snow albedo scheme from a previous study (Yasunari et al. 2011) and a newly developed mass concentration calculation scheme, directly using aerosol depositions from the chemical transport model (GOCART) in GEOS-5. Compared to observations at Sapporo, the off-line simulations, forced by observation-based meteorology and aerosol depositions from GOES-5, reasonably simulated the seasonal migration of snow depth, albedos, and impurities of dust, BC, and OC in the snow surface. However, the simulated dust and BC mass concentrations in snow were especially underestimated except for the BC in the early winter, compared to the observations. Increasing the deposition rates of dust and BC could explain the observations. Removing BC deposition could possibly lead to an extension of snow cover duration in Sapporo of four days. Comparing the off-line GOSWIM and the GEOS-5 global simulations, we found that determining better local precipitation and deposition rates of the aerosols are key factors in generating better GOSWIM snow darkening simulation in NASA GEOS-5.