- 著者
-
STEVENS Bjorn
ACQUISTAPACE Claudia
HANSEN Akio
HEINZE Rieke
KLINGER Carolin
KLOCKE Daniel
RYBKA Harald
SCHUBOTZ Wiebke
WINDMILLER Julia
ADAMIDIS Panagiotis
ARKA Ioanna
BARLAKAS Vasileios
BIERCAMP Joachim
BRUECK Matthias
BRUNE Sebastian
BUEHLER Stefan A.
BURKHARDT Ulrike
CIONI Guido
COSTA-SURÓS Montserrat
CREWELL Susanne
CRÜGER Traute
DENEKE Hartwig
FRIEDERICHS Petra
HENKEN Cintia Carbajal
HOHENEGGER Cathy
JACOB Marek
JAKUB Fabian
KALTHOFF Norbert
KÖHLER Martin
LAAR Thirza W. van
LI Puxi
LÖHNERT Ulrich
MACKE Andreas
MADENACH Nils
MAYER Bernhard
NAM Christine
NAUMANN Ann Kristin
PETERS Karsten
POLL Stefan
QUAAS Johannes
RÖBER Niklas
ROCHETIN Nicolas
SCHECK Leonhard
SCHEMANN Vera
SCHNITT Sabrina
SEIFERT Axel
SENF Fabian
SHAPKALIJEVSKI Metodija
SIMMER Clemens
SINGH Shweta
SOURDEVAL Odran
SPICKERMANN Dela
STRANDGREN Johan
TESSIOT Octave
VERCAUTEREN Nikki
VIAL Jessica
VOIGT Aiko
ZÄNGL Günter
- 出版者
- Meteorological Society of Japan
- 雑誌
- 気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.2020-021, (Released:2020-01-28)
- 被引用文献数
-
85
More than one hundred days were simulated over very large domains with fine (0.156 km to 2.5 km) grid spacing for realistic conditions to test the hypothesis that storm (kilometer) and large-eddy (hectometer) resolving simulations would provide an improved representation of clouds and precipitation in atmospheric simulations. At scales that resolve convective storms (storm-resolving for short) scales, the vertical velocity variance becomes resolved and a better physical basis is achieved for representing clouds and precipitation. Similar to past studies we find an improved representation of precipitation at kilometer scales, as compared to models with parameterised convection. The main precipitation features (location, diurnal cycle and spatial propagation) are well captured already at kilometer scales, and refining resolution to hectometer scales does not substantially change the simulations in these respects. It does, however, lead to a reduction in the precipitation on the time-scales considered – most notably over the Tropical ocean. Changes in the distribution of precipitation, with less frequent extremes are also found in simulations incorporating hecto-meter scales. Hectometer scales appear more important for the representation of clouds, and make it possible to capture many important aspects of the cloud field, from the vertical distribution of cloud cover, to the distribution of cloud sizes, to the diel (daily) cycle. Qualitative improvements, particularly in the ability to differentiate cumulus from stratiform clouds, are seen when reducing the grid spacing from kilometer to hectometer scales. At the hectometer scale new challenges arise, but the similarity of observed and simulated scales, and the more direct connection between the circulation and the unconstrained degrees of freedom make these challenges less daunting. This quality, combined with an already improved simulation as compared to more parameterised models, underpins our conviction that the use and further development of storm-resolving models offers exciting opportunities for advancing understanding of climate and climate change.