- 著者
- Hisashi Noma Kengo Nagashima Shogo Kato Satoshi Teramukai Toshi A. Furukawa
- 出版者
- Japan Epidemiological Association
- 雑誌
- Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.32, no.10, pp.441-448, 2022-10-05 (Released:2022-10-05)
- 参考文献数
- 30
- 被引用文献数
- 1 3
Background: In meta-analysis, the normal distribution assumption has been adopted in most systematic reviews of random-effects distribution models due to its computational and conceptual simplicity. However, this restrictive model assumption is possibly unsuitable and might have serious influences in practices.Methods: We provide two examples of real-world evidence that clearly show that the normal distribution assumption is explicitly unsuitable. We propose new random-effects meta-analysis methods using five flexible random-effects distribution models that can flexibly regulate skewness, kurtosis and tailweight: skew normal distribution, skew t-distribution, asymmetric Subbotin distribution, Jones–Faddy distribution, and sinh–arcsinh distribution. We also developed a statistical package, flexmeta, that can easily perform these methods.Results: Using the flexible random-effects distribution models, the results of the two meta-analyses were markedly altered, potentially influencing the overall conclusions of these systematic reviews.Conclusion: The restrictive normal distribution assumption in the random-effects model can yield misleading conclusions. The proposed flexible methods can provide more precise conclusions in systematic reviews.
- 著者
- 加藤 由樹 加藤 尚吾 赤堀 侃司 Yuuki KATO Shogo KATO Kanji AKAHORI 東京工業大学 東京工業大学 東京工業大学 Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology
- 出版者
- 日本社会情報学会
- 雑誌
- 日本社会情報学会学会誌 = Journal of social informatics (ISSN:13440896)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.19, no.2, pp.17-33, 2007-09-30
本研究では,電子メールに注目し,電子メールの書き手の性別が読み手の感情面に及ぼす影響について検討した。本研究では,実験Iと実験IIを実施し,それぞれで得られた結果を考察した。実験Iでは,電子メールの書き手の性別がわかっているときの読み手の感情面について分析した。また,実験IIでは,電子メールの書き手の性別がわからないときの読み手による書き手の性別判断と,読み手の感情面について分析した。両実験で得られた主な結果は,顔文字の使用が,性別の差の指標になっている可能性が示唆されたことである。そのため,提示されたメール文の書き手の性別とそのメール文の内容が,合っている場合に快感情を生じ,合っていない場合に不快感情を生じた。また,男性,女性の両被験者において,性別判断の結果に最も影響を及ぼしたのは,メール文における顔文字の有無であった。This study examined the influence of e-mail senders' gender on recipients' emotional aspects using university students, and it is twofold consisting of Experiments I and II. In Experiment I, the authors analyzed the emotional elements related to the e-mail readers with revealing the gender of writers. In Experiment II, the subjects were asked to identify the gender of e-mail writers; here further analysis was done on the ways the readers identified the gender of writers and the emotional elements related to the readers under such a condition. The major finding from the two experiments is the possibility of emoticons serving as index for gender identification. Actually, the existence of emoticons in the e-mails affected the subjects' gender identification most significantly regardless of the subjects' gender. In addition, when the subjects felt that the "assumed" gender of a writer suited the content of corresponding e-mail, pleasant/favorable emotions were generated, whereas when they didn't match, unpleasant/unfavorable emotions were caused.