著者

井沢,千鶴子

出版者

日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学年報

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, 2001-03-30

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The Atkinson-Shiffrin (AS, 1988) model enhanced James' (1890) dual memory processes (short-,long-term memory/STM, LTM) over Ebbinghaus' (1885) unitary process. But, Baddeley and Hitch (B-H, 1974) attempted to replace STM by working memory (WM). The Japanese Monbu-sho previously translated WM as "Sagyn Kioku," but later changed to "Sado Kioko." All 30 Japanese-English bilinguals (Exp. 1) and 19 Chinese-English bilinguals (Exp. 2) selected "Sagyo Kioku" as expressing WM heat, and 98% rejected "Sado Kioku". Results underscore the necessity for reviving the older, more accurate terminology, "Sagyo Kioku" henceforth. The alleged demise of STM/replacement of STM by WM claimed by some WM enthusiasts/sympathizers appears inappropriate: No objective signs of the diminution of STM research, contrasted with WM activities, emerged via Psychological Abstracfs, Citation Indices, and the thrusts of 39 critiques in Cowan (2901). Both STM research and the evolution of A-S type models continue to thrive with greater vigor than those of WM. Definitions of WM differ greatly among individual models/experiments. Such difficulties are compounded because WM does not adequately describe the psychological processes by excessively limiting itself to the memory components alone, stifling creative development of this field. To resolve current terminological chaos, Izawa (2001) proposed Working Cognition (WC), a far more comprehensive construct that involves all cognitive processes (including memory) necessary for solving any task. The strengths of WC dwell in its capacity to accommodate many problems/issues raised by representative models because WC includes all cognitive processes and their dynamic and flexible properties toward a Newell (1990) type unified theory.