著者
木原 淳
出版者
日本法哲学会
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
no.2005, pp.156-164,194, 2006

Following Rousseau's theory of people's sovereignty and his concept of law, Immanuel Kant described his ideal state as &ldquo;Gemeinwesen&rdquo;. He consciously and intentionally denied world republic in his book &ldquo;Zum ewigen Frieden&rdquo;. According to Rousseau, the virtue can become fruitful only within the context of &ldquo;l'amour de la patrie&rdquo; (patriotism). Rousseau's patriotism and republic theory is to be expected in a small city state, not in a large state. As such, anti-world republic dogma by Kant reflects the significance of patriotism in small state posited by Rousseau. Unlike Rousseau, however, Kant interpreted &ldquo;patriotism&rdquo; as directed at &ldquo;Land&rdquo;, and &ldquo;Volk&rdquo; as being a group with single ethnic identity, not as an universal &ldquo;Volk&rdquo;. Such distinctive characteristic of Kant's state theory has generally been assumed to have derived from his pre-modern character and historic circumstances.<br> In this paper, I suppose that the source of difference in the concepts held by the two distinct philosophers can be found in the difference of the size of states they presupposed. Rousseau considered his &ldquo;republic&rdquo; as a small sized city state, so the object of his patriotism could be pure and abstract fatherland, ignoring the traditional framework of property system (societas civilis). To the contrary, Kant struggled to form his state theory as a middle-sized territorial state, which aimed to destroy traditional and privileged property system and to separate territorial sovereignty from economical private land property rights. Therefore Kant's concepts of &ldquo;Land&rdquo; and &ldquo;Volk&rdquo; played an important role to build a theory of modern and republican territorial states. This indicates that it was logically natural for Kant to deny the concepts of the world republic.
著者
堀口 悦子
出版者
THE JAPAN ASSOCIATION OF LEGAL PHILOSOPHY
雑誌
法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2003, pp.32-42,235, 2004

Sexual harassment has three types-Quid Pro Quo, hostile condition of work, and gender discrimination types.<br> Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual behavior toward partner or people.<br> Sexual harassment is abuse of human rights, and is sexual and gender discrimination. <br> Harm caused by sexual harassment is various from use of words to rape.<br> Places where sexual harassment can happen are also various.<br> First, office. Sexual harassment is recognized as happening at office. At Japanese offices, "gray zone" is a special problem. This gray zone is connected with the employment custom in Japanese companies.<br> This Japanese employment custom is that Japanese companies do not regard working women as equal partners. For example, male bosses and co-workers call a working woman "obasan", which means middle-aged woman, or "ojousan", which means miss or young lady. But working women have their own names. Working women must do odd jobs for example, "ochakumi" or making copies.<br> Second, university or college. Sexual harassment at universities and colleges is called "campus sexual harassment" in Japan.<br> Probably, the campus sexual harassment is connected with academic harassment in Japan. Academic harassment means harassment by professors. A professor criticizes a student for her or his academic record.<br> Third, school elementary school, junior high school, and high school. Sexual harassment at schools is called school sexual harassment in Japan. It is no exaggeration to say that school sexual harassment is a big issue in Japan. This issue features even on such magazines as are mostly read by men.<br> Fourth, sports. Sportswomen are threatened with sexual harassment by their coaches.<br> Fifth, hospital or medical institutions. In Japan, "power harassment" by doctors becomes a big issue. And sexual harassment by doctors becomes an issue, too.<br> Sixth, area-neighborhood. Sexual harassment is caused by neighbors.<br> Seventh, the power of the State jail or prison. In Japan, female prisoners had been raped by keepers in prison for a long time ago. Another problem is the treatment of women in death cells.