著者

松浦 誠 Matsuura Makoto

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.89-135, 1999-03-15

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In this review, the history and present situation of insect food in Japan are described focusing on wasp and hornet broods.1. Insect food was reported for the first time in the Edo era and main edible insects in those days were exemplified by the rice grasshoppers and wasp broods. Among these, roasted or baked rice grasshoppers were not only eaten in farming villages where rice was grown but also marketed in big cities as snacks for children. However, insects other than rice grasshopper were taken seemingly only in very special areas. In the Taisho era, Miyake (1919) surveyed edible insects all over Japan using a questionnaire method and thus reported 55 species of edibte insects including 48 identified species (rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, cicadas, silkworms, etc.) and 7 unknown ones. Main examples of insects eaten in Japan from the early period of the Showa era up to now include rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, silkworms and cicadas. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, rice grasshoppers were eaten commonly all over Japan and distributed as a valuable nutritional source both in big cities and farming villages. Until 1950s, boiled and seasoned rice grasshoppers (tsukudani) and dried rice grasshoppers were sold in grocery stores even in big cities such as Tokyo. Today, these products are served mainly in luxury food stores as snacks with drinks in restaurants at local specialties and hotels. However, the rice grasshoppers used in these products are partly imported from China, etc. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, silkworm pupae were eaten throughout Japan mainly by silkworm-raising farmers, workers in silk mills and some ordinary families as a fat-rich food, though there is little need for silkworm pupae for edible use today. 2, According to "Shozan Chomon Kishu" written by Shozan Miyoshi (1850) in the Edo era, Vespula. spp. was already eaten in Mino (Gifu Prefecture) and Kiso(Nagano Prefecture). Methods for collecting nets of this insect and cooking it were described in this book. In the Taisho era, various wasp and hornet larvae were eaten in various ways (fresh, boiled, blended with rice, etc.) in 20 prefectures from Hokkaido to Kagoshima. Today, larvae and pupae of insects belonging to the genus Vespa (V. mandarinia, V. simillima, etc.) contained in combs are sold in autumn in grocery stores in mountain villages of Miyazaki, Ishikawa, Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, etc. These wasp and hornet larvae are not only used in domestic dishes but fried or boiled and seasoned with mirin, sugar, soy sauce, etc., and served in restaurants, etc. Vespula flaviceps larva dishes are one of delicacies in the Chubu area including Nagano, Gifu and Aichi both in big cities and farming villages. The most popular one in these areas is rice cooked with wasp and hornet broods which are generally eaten during special events such as the autumn festivals. In addition, there are various dishes with the use of cooked, fried or pickled VI. flaviceps broods. 3. In Nagano and Gifu Prefecture, fresh wasp and hornet larvae and pupae in combs are marketed as a food even now. The average wasp and hornet broods received by Tono Fish / Vegetable Market (Nakatsugawa-shi, Gifu Prefecture) during 19 years (1978 - 1996) amounted to 4.2 t/year. The maximum demand (9.2 t) was established in 1986 while less than 1t of wasp and hornet broods could be obtained in some years. Fresh wasp and hornet broods arrive at the market from September to November attaining the peak usually in October. The highest price was ¥14,983/kg (1978) with the lowest being ¥3,046/kg(1983). 4. Most of wasp and hornet broods were sent to the markets in Gifu and Nagano Prefecture but those produced in other prefectures are supplied from Nishinasuno-cho and Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture). In this area, the wasp and hornet nests were collected by about 500 specialists called “Toriko" involving 50 full-time workers. From September to November, they covered the mountains and field areas not only in their own prefecture Tochigi but in the Tohoku and Kanto areas to collect Vespula spp. nests. The collected nests were bought up by 2 brokers. 500kg/day of nets are purchased by each broker and the maximum annual yield amounts to 15 t. Through September to November in 1996, the price of these nests was ¥4,500/kg, though the price rangss from ¥7,000 to ¥10,000/kg in 1980s. A Toriko collector can usually collect from 7 to 8 kg/day of wasp nets, while a skilled one can collect 15 kg/day of nets. In an abundant year, a collector can sometimes get even 20 to 30 kg of nests in one day. These Toriho collectors, in this area, originate in the facts that wasp and hornet broods in this area had been used since 1920s in canned product plants established in Nagano Prefecture and that a number of skilled nest collectors came to this area from Nagano for cultivating Nasu Highland during the Taisho era. The characteristic Toriko collectors originating in these persons have been contributing to the provision of wasp nests up to now. 5. Seasoned and canned or bottled wasp products are widely sold today in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Canned wasp products are produced by removing Vespula spp. larvae or pupae from nests and boiling them with soy sauce, sugar, artificial seasonings, etc. After a manufacturer had started the business in 1910 in Nagano Prefecture, 7 to 9 t/year of canned products were produced in ten and several places in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture from 1910 to 1930. In 1970s, the annual output amounted to 17 to 20 t only in Nagano Prefecture. Today, these products, each can having 200 g of the contents, are sold at ¥2,500 to ¥3,000. In Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture), an apiarist puts on the market seasoned and bottled VI. flaviceps broods produced in this area at an output of about 1 t/year at the largest. With the decrease in the wasp broods collected in Japan, Vespula spp. broods have been imported from Korea since 1989. Before shipment, these larvae and pupae are taken out from the nests, semi-processed (boiled or seasoned with salt) and then packed in 18 ℓ cans. These imported products in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Also, Vespula germanica larvae and pupae have been imported from New Zealand and employed as materials for processing recently. Canned drone honeybee pupae seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and artificial seasonings were marketed by apiarists in Nagano Prefecture in 1960s. At present, apiarists all over Japan participate in manufacturing these products. Recently, semi-processed (boiled with salt) drone honeybee pupae imported from Taiwan and China are also being used. 6. The nutritional value of wasp and hornet broods widely depending on the type, shape, growth conditions, the time of collecting nests, etc. Among all, queen larvae in autumn with the maximum development of the nests are marketed at the highest price, since they are large in size, contain much fat-bodies and have a rich taste, compared with those of the worker wasps.7. Wasp and hornet broods employed in these products are collected in the field. Since of the recent decrease in the nest resource and the elevated price, attempts have been frequently made to collect nests during the early stage followed by raising and put these enlarged nests on the market. In Nagano, Gifu, Aichi Prefecture, etc., it is the fashion now that the men collect nests in June to August immediately after the eclosion of worker wasps and artificially keep the colony in a nest box by feeding with a large amount of fish, chicken, sugar solutions, etc. However, it has never been succeeded so far to make an overwintered-queen wasp to found her nest during the spring.8. Now, the history of wasp and hornet food in China and Thailand is also described. In some areas in these countries, wasp and hornet broods are still much more expensive than beef or pork. Wasp and hornet larvae are eaten as luxury food in ordinary homes and restaurants.9. Fresh Vespula spp. larvae and pupae have been marketed as a food for singing pet birds since the Edo era.10. Lately, insect food including wasp and hornet food are characterized by the reduction in species of edible insects and succession of traditional food not throughout Japan but in restricted areas. Although the wasp and hornet food have been on a serious decline from the nationwide viewpoint, new wasp and hornet dishes for high grade restaurants, etc. which are different from the traditional local specialties have been developed in some areas including Nagano, Gifu, Aichi and Miyazaki Prefecture, thus increasing the need for the wasp and hornet food by those who have never tried to eat them. That is to say, the wasp and hornet food show tendencies toward extremes in their decline and development. In Japan, there is a great variety of wasp and hornet dishes which can never been seen in other countries. Accordingly, it is to be emphasized here that wasp and hornet food are highly characteristic of Japan, compared even with the areas in China, Thailand, etc. where wasp and hornet foods are highly popular.

著者

Asano Kenji Matsuura Yasunobu Katsuragawa Mario 浅野 謙治 松浦 康修 桂川 マリオ

出版者

Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.47-55, 1991-03-28

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The daily egg production of the Brazilian anchovy was estimated. Anchovy eggs were collected byCalVET net in January, 1988. Eggs were classified into each developmental stage and their ages werecalculated on the basis of sea water temperatures. The surface temperatures where anchovy eggs werefound were relatively high, ranging 25-29℃, and the hatching occurs within 24 hours. The spawning didnot occur during any specified hours but almost all day long. The relation between the mean elapsed timefrom spawning and the frequency of eggs was analyzed by the non-linear regression method and aexponential function was fitted. The daily egg production of the Brazilian anchovy was <special>8.87 x 1011</special>.ブラジル南部沿岸産カタクチイワシの日間産卵量を推定した。カタクチイワシ卵標本は1988年1月にCalVETネットを用いて採集した。卵の発生段階を調べ,採集場所の水温に基づき,産卵からそれぞれの発生段階に至るまでの時間を計算した。カタクチイワシ卵が採集された海域の表面水温は25-29℃と高く,孵化は産卵後24時間以内に起こる。産卵は特定の時間帯にではなく,ほぼ終日にわたって行われている。横軸に卵の年齢(産卵からの経過時間)を,横軸に採集卵の年齢別頻度をとり,非線形回帰分析により指数関数をあてはめた。日間産卵量は<special>8.87×1011</special>と推定された。

著者

松浦 誠 程 士国 高 鷹 Matsuura Makoto Chen Shi Guo Guo In

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.41-61, 1999-03-15

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In this paper the present marketing situations of hornet broods as a food material, local specialties and their recipes, and methods for collecting and breeding hornet nests in Yunnan in China are described. The hornet nests marketed in Kunmin are all those belonging to the genus Vespa, -V. mandarinia, V. soror, V. tropica, V. velutina, V. variabilis, V. analis, V. basalis, V. binghami and V. mocsaryana. Newly-emerged imagos soaked in spirits are also sold as Chinese typees of medicine. The hornet broods are sold from the middle of June to the end of October and the top season being from August to September in this area. Each dealer sells about 1,500 to 3,000 kg of hornet nests per year. In Kunmin, the price of hornet nests with broods is 2 to 4 times higher than those of other animal meats (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, etc.). Hornet nests are usually collected by exterminating worker hornets making a counterattack by burning with torches at the entrance of the nests. Recently, attempts were also made to use insecticides or fuses. When a nest too small to use for food is found, the queen and workers are caught alive together with the nest and kept in the garden until the nest grows in autumn. The most popular method for cooking hornet broods is frying in rapeseed oil. Among 25 minority races in Yunnan, Hui Muslims do not eat hornet broods while others favor them greatly as food. For these minority races living in the mountain areas hornet broods in the large nests have been highly important as a nutritious protein source. Though hornet nests have been collected in a self-sufficient amount until recently, they aro now evaluated as a luxury food with the recent advance in the market economy in China. It is therefore presumed that hornet broods are marketed as an expensive seasonal product.

著者

吉岡 基 Yoshioka Motoi

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.45-48, 1996-03-01

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This paper briefly reviews some works on reproductive physiology in cetaceans with special reference to dolphins from the following aspects: estrous cycle in female dolphins, hormonal profiles during pregnancy, testosterone levels and seasonality in testicular activity, ovulation induction and sperm collection and freezing.

著者

Ogawa Yukiyoshi 小川 幸持

出版者

Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.89-95, 1993-01-29

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Avena abyssinica seeds of 4 months old after harvest germinated well at a temperature range from 15°to 30℃. A. sativa seeds of the same age germinated to a lesser degree at 25°and 30℃, but A. fauta did not at both temperatures and that of 16 months old never germinated at 30℃. These results indicate that A. abyssinica seeds are not dormant, those of A. sativa are median dormant and those of A. fatua are highly dormant. α-Amylase production in half cut seeds, embryonated endosperms termed as embryonated halves and de-embryonated endosperms as endosperm halves, was examied in the absence or the presence of gibberellin A3 (GA3). The embryonated halves of A. abyssinica, irrespective of age, produced a certain amount of α-amylase even in the absence of GA3. The embryonated halves as well as the endosperm halves of this species produced a great amount of GA3-induced α-amylase. On the contrary, the embryonated halves of A. sativa and A. fatua praduced a less amount of GA3-induced α-amylase than the corresponding endosperm halves, increasing in both halves with the lengthening of after-ripening period. Among the three species, A. abyssinica produced the greatest amount of α-amylase, A. sativa did a median amount and A. fatua the least amount. This evidence indicates that behaviour of seed germination in each of these species is involved with the levels and the changes in the α-amylase production in the endosperms with the advancement of after-ripening.エンバク属,Avena abyssinica(4x,AsB), A. sativa cv. Victory (6x,ACD),およびA. fatua (6x,ACD)の収穫後4か月の種子(えい果)の各種温度における発芽を比較した。A. abyssinicaは,15℃から30℃の温度でよく発芽した。A. sativaの発芽は,15℃と20℃でよく発芽したが,25℃と30℃では減少した。また,A. fatuaは25℃と30℃で発芽しなかった。この実験結果は,A. abyssinicaの種子は休眠性がなく,A. sativaは中程度の休眠性を,A. fatuaは深い休眠性を示している。この3種の種子を横半分に切断して胚のある側と胚のない側に分けて,外生ジベレリンA3(GA3)の有る無しのそれぞれの場合のα-アミラーゼ生成を,後熟期間との関連で調べた。A. abyssinicaの胚のある側は,GA3がなくともα-アミラーゼを生成した。胚のある側も胚のない側もGA3誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,後熱期間に関係なく多かった。これに反して,A. sativaとA. fatuaの胚のある側のGA3誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,胚のない側に比べ少なかった,それぞれの側のGA3誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,後熟期間に伴い増加した。この3種の間で,A. abyssinicaのアミラーゼ生成が最も多く,A. fatuaが最も少なく,A. sativaは両者の中間程度であった。上記の実験結果は,A. abyssinicaの胚は,胚乳のGA3誘導α-アミラーゼ生成に影響しないことを示している。これに対して,A. sativaの胚は,A. fatuaの場合と同様に.胚乳のGA3誘導α-アミラーゼ生成を抑制することを示している。上の各種エンバク属の種子の発芽休眠性の違いは,胚乳におけるα-アミラーゼ生成の多少,あるいは後熟に伴うα-アミラーゼ生成の変化と関係があることを示唆している。