著者

松浦 誠 Matsuura Makoto

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.89-135, 1999-03-15

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In this review, the history and present situation of insect food in Japan are described focusing on wasp and hornet broods.1. Insect food was reported for the first time in the Edo era and main edible insects in those days were exemplified by the rice grasshoppers and wasp broods. Among these, roasted or baked rice grasshoppers were not only eaten in farming villages where rice was grown but also marketed in big cities as snacks for children. However, insects other than rice grasshopper were taken seemingly only in very special areas. In the Taisho era, Miyake (1919) surveyed edible insects all over Japan using a questionnaire method and thus reported 55 species of edibte insects including 48 identified species (rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, cicadas, silkworms, etc.) and 7 unknown ones. Main examples of insects eaten in Japan from the early period of the Showa era up to now include rice grasshoppers, wasps and hornets, silkworms and cicadas. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, rice grasshoppers were eaten commonly all over Japan and distributed as a valuable nutritional source both in big cities and farming villages. Until 1950s, boiled and seasoned rice grasshoppers (tsukudani) and dried rice grasshoppers were sold in grocery stores even in big cities such as Tokyo. Today, these products are served mainly in luxury food stores as snacks with drinks in restaurants at local specialties and hotels. However, the rice grasshoppers used in these products are partly imported from China, etc. In the days of food poverty during the World War II and immediately thereafter, silkworm pupae were eaten throughout Japan mainly by silkworm-raising farmers, workers in silk mills and some ordinary families as a fat-rich food, though there is little need for silkworm pupae for edible use today. 2, According to "Shozan Chomon Kishu" written by Shozan Miyoshi (1850) in the Edo era, Vespula. spp. was already eaten in Mino (Gifu Prefecture) and Kiso(Nagano Prefecture). Methods for collecting nets of this insect and cooking it were described in this book. In the Taisho era, various wasp and hornet larvae were eaten in various ways (fresh, boiled, blended with rice, etc.) in 20 prefectures from Hokkaido to Kagoshima. Today, larvae and pupae of insects belonging to the genus Vespa (V. mandarinia, V. simillima, etc.) contained in combs are sold in autumn in grocery stores in mountain villages of Miyazaki, Ishikawa, Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, etc. These wasp and hornet larvae are not only used in domestic dishes but fried or boiled and seasoned with mirin, sugar, soy sauce, etc., and served in restaurants, etc. Vespula flaviceps larva dishes are one of delicacies in the Chubu area including Nagano, Gifu and Aichi both in big cities and farming villages. The most popular one in these areas is rice cooked with wasp and hornet broods which are generally eaten during special events such as the autumn festivals. In addition, there are various dishes with the use of cooked, fried or pickled VI. flaviceps broods. 3. In Nagano and Gifu Prefecture, fresh wasp and hornet larvae and pupae in combs are marketed as a food even now. The average wasp and hornet broods received by Tono Fish / Vegetable Market (Nakatsugawa-shi, Gifu Prefecture) during 19 years (1978 - 1996) amounted to 4.2 t/year. The maximum demand (9.2 t) was established in 1986 while less than 1t of wasp and hornet broods could be obtained in some years. Fresh wasp and hornet broods arrive at the market from September to November attaining the peak usually in October. The highest price was ¥14,983/kg (1978) with the lowest being ¥3,046/kg(1983). 4. Most of wasp and hornet broods were sent to the markets in Gifu and Nagano Prefecture but those produced in other prefectures are supplied from Nishinasuno-cho and Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture). In this area, the wasp and hornet nests were collected by about 500 specialists called “Toriko" involving 50 full-time workers. From September to November, they covered the mountains and field areas not only in their own prefecture Tochigi but in the Tohoku and Kanto areas to collect Vespula spp. nests. The collected nests were bought up by 2 brokers. 500kg/day of nets are purchased by each broker and the maximum annual yield amounts to 15 t. Through September to November in 1996, the price of these nests was ¥4,500/kg, though the price rangss from ¥7,000 to ¥10,000/kg in 1980s. A Toriko collector can usually collect from 7 to 8 kg/day of wasp nets, while a skilled one can collect 15 kg/day of nets. In an abundant year, a collector can sometimes get even 20 to 30 kg of nests in one day. These Toriho collectors, in this area, originate in the facts that wasp and hornet broods in this area had been used since 1920s in canned product plants established in Nagano Prefecture and that a number of skilled nest collectors came to this area from Nagano for cultivating Nasu Highland during the Taisho era. The characteristic Toriko collectors originating in these persons have been contributing to the provision of wasp nests up to now. 5. Seasoned and canned or bottled wasp products are widely sold today in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Canned wasp products are produced by removing Vespula spp. larvae or pupae from nests and boiling them with soy sauce, sugar, artificial seasonings, etc. After a manufacturer had started the business in 1910 in Nagano Prefecture, 7 to 9 t/year of canned products were produced in ten and several places in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture from 1910 to 1930. In 1970s, the annual output amounted to 17 to 20 t only in Nagano Prefecture. Today, these products, each can having 200 g of the contents, are sold at ¥2,500 to ¥3,000. In Otahara-shi (Tochigi Prefecture), an apiarist puts on the market seasoned and bottled VI. flaviceps broods produced in this area at an output of about 1 t/year at the largest. With the decrease in the wasp broods collected in Japan, Vespula spp. broods have been imported from Korea since 1989. Before shipment, these larvae and pupae are taken out from the nests, semi-processed (boiled or seasoned with salt) and then packed in 18 ℓ cans. These imported products in Nagano and Gifu Prefecture. Also, Vespula germanica larvae and pupae have been imported from New Zealand and employed as materials for processing recently. Canned drone honeybee pupae seasoned with soy sauce, sugar and artificial seasonings were marketed by apiarists in Nagano Prefecture in 1960s. At present, apiarists all over Japan participate in manufacturing these products. Recently, semi-processed (boiled with salt) drone honeybee pupae imported from Taiwan and China are also being used. 6. The nutritional value of wasp and hornet broods widely depending on the type, shape, growth conditions, the time of collecting nests, etc. Among all, queen larvae in autumn with the maximum development of the nests are marketed at the highest price, since they are large in size, contain much fat-bodies and have a rich taste, compared with those of the worker wasps.7. Wasp and hornet broods employed in these products are collected in the field. Since of the recent decrease in the nest resource and the elevated price, attempts have been frequently made to collect nests during the early stage followed by raising and put these enlarged nests on the market. In Nagano, Gifu, Aichi Prefecture, etc., it is the fashion now that the men collect nests in June to August immediately after the eclosion of worker wasps and artificially keep the colony in a nest box by feeding with a large amount of fish, chicken, sugar solutions, etc. However, it has never been succeeded so far to make an overwintered-queen wasp to found her nest during the spring.8. Now, the history of wasp and hornet food in China and Thailand is also described. In some areas in these countries, wasp and hornet broods are still much more expensive than beef or pork. Wasp and hornet larvae are eaten as luxury food in ordinary homes and restaurants.9. Fresh Vespula spp. larvae and pupae have been marketed as a food for singing pet birds since the Edo era.10. Lately, insect food including wasp and hornet food are characterized by the reduction in species of edible insects and succession of traditional food not throughout Japan but in restricted areas. Although the wasp and hornet food have been on a serious decline from the nationwide viewpoint, new wasp and hornet dishes for high grade restaurants, etc. which are different from the traditional local specialties have been developed in some areas including Nagano, Gifu, Aichi and Miyazaki Prefecture, thus increasing the need for the wasp and hornet food by those who have never tried to eat them. That is to say, the wasp and hornet food show tendencies toward extremes in their decline and development. In Japan, there is a great variety of wasp and hornet dishes which can never been seen in other countries. Accordingly, it is to be emphasized here that wasp and hornet food are highly characteristic of Japan, compared even with the areas in China, Thailand, etc. where wasp and hornet foods are highly popular.

著者

松浦 誠

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.89-135, 1999 (Released:2011-03-05)

著者

松浦 誠 程 士国 高 鷹 Matsuura Makoto Chen Shi Guo Guo In

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.41-61, 1999-03-15

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In this paper the present marketing situations of hornet broods as a food material, local specialties and their recipes, and methods for collecting and breeding hornet nests in Yunnan in China are described. The hornet nests marketed in Kunmin are all those belonging to the genus Vespa, -V. mandarinia, V. soror, V. tropica, V. velutina, V. variabilis, V. analis, V. basalis, V. binghami and V. mocsaryana. Newly-emerged imagos soaked in spirits are also sold as Chinese typees of medicine. The hornet broods are sold from the middle of June to the end of October and the top season being from August to September in this area. Each dealer sells about 1,500 to 3,000 kg of hornet nests per year. In Kunmin, the price of hornet nests with broods is 2 to 4 times higher than those of other animal meats (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, etc.). Hornet nests are usually collected by exterminating worker hornets making a counterattack by burning with torches at the entrance of the nests. Recently, attempts were also made to use insecticides or fuses. When a nest too small to use for food is found, the queen and workers are caught alive together with the nest and kept in the garden until the nest grows in autumn. The most popular method for cooking hornet broods is frying in rapeseed oil. Among 25 minority races in Yunnan, Hui Muslims do not eat hornet broods while others favor them greatly as food. For these minority races living in the mountain areas hornet broods in the large nests have been highly important as a nutritious protein source. Though hornet nests have been collected in a self-sufficient amount until recently, they aro now evaluated as a luxury food with the recent advance in the market economy in China. It is therefore presumed that hornet broods are marketed as an expensive seasonal product.

著者

木村 清志 岩槻 幸雄

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.p21-24, 1994-12

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三重県阪内川上流域から釣によって2個体のイワナが採集され,これらの標本を三重県天然河川からの記録として記載した。しかし,これらは近隣水系から移植されたものである可能性が高かった。

著者

今井 直 太原 英生 河村 章人

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.1-12, 1999-12

被引用文献数

2

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1996年7月から1997年9月にかけて的矢湾の低次生産環境要因(水温,塩分,透明度,溶存酸素量,クロロフィルa濃度,硝酸態窒素,亜硝酸態窒素,ケイ酸態ケイ素及びリン酸態リン)の観測調査を行った。その結果,塩分,クロロフィルa濃度及び硝酸態窒素は上層でより大きな季節変動を示したが,溶存酸素量,亜硝酸態窒素及びケイ酸態ケイ素は下層でより大きな変動を示した。また,表層において硝酸態窒素とケイ酸態ケイ素は低塩分時に高濃度を示すことから,河川水の影響を強く受けていることがわかった。これに対し,亜硝酸態窒素とリン酸態リンは,溶存酸素量が少なくなる夏季の下層で高濃度を示すことから,底土表層のバクテリアによる再生が寄与していることが示唆された。クロロフィルa濃度は,河口に近く栄養塩濃度が高い湾奥部よりも河川水の影響が比較的弱い水道部において高濃度を示した。また,本研究の調査結果と既知のカキとアコヤガイの生息環境の好適・不適条件を比較すると,的矢湾の湾奥部はカキと真珠の養殖漁場としては不適環境になる可能性のあることが示唆された。

著者

森田 脩

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.p1-72, 1990-03

被引用文献数

9

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Sod- and over-seeding methods have been considerabty employed on grassland development, especially in mountainous area of Japan. On the surface of untilled land, however , seed germination and seedling establishment seem variable depending on the ecosystematically combined conditions of vegetation, soil, and weather. In the present study the germinating process and behavior of surface-sown seeds of temperate grass species was, on a laboratory scale, investigated in relationship to thefunction of coleorhiza hairs in seedling establishment under several different conditions of soil and temperature.I. Characteristics of Germination and Establishment of Surface-sown Grass seeds1) Germination process and behavior In the germination process of tall fescue seed placed embryo downward on the soil of the seedbed, the coleorhiza appeared at the basal portion of the lemma and developed numerous hairs around the tip of that organ first. The coleorhiza hairs adhered to the soil surface, entered the soil and thenbound soil particles. This anchoring action of the coleorhiza and its hairs was followed by the appearance and penetration of the seminal root. The germination process of the coleorhiza phase was identical for different conditions of soil and environment, while the process of seminal root penetration was variable depending on the adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs equivalent to the maximum tensile load to pull seed out of the soil surface. To measure these values, an apparatus was devised in the present study. Germinating behavior was classified as three different types as follows:TYPE I (Lying type); Coleorhiza hairs of the seed adhered to, and were anchored in the soil, and theseed germinated in the same lying posture as it was placed.TYPE II (Rising type); Coleorhiza hairs grasped the soil well, and seed germinated in rising posture.TYPE Ⅲ (Exposed-root type); Colerohiza hairs failed to grasp the soil particles, and the seminal root could not directly penetrate into the soil adequatly. Seminal roots in most of the seeds were heldup and exposed over the soil surface.\n2) The variations in germinating behavior and adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs of six temperate grass species Orchardgrass, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass had a relatively higher percentage of rising typein germinating behavior and of penetration of seminal root than did meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass. The adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs was higher at the level of 2 gr per seedfor orchardgrass, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass than at that of 1 gr per seed for the other grass species tested. Within each of grass species, the adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs was found to beclosely related to the percentage of rising type in germinating behavior (r=0.96, p<0.01). Overall six grass species examined, however, there was not relationship between those two measurements, probably reflecting in their differences in the shape and weight of seeds. Coleorhiza hairs, and especially their adhering strength, are a very important factor associated with seedling establishment of surface-sown seeds. From this perspective, there were some advantages insod- and over-seeding were for tall fescue, orchardgrass and Kentucky bluegass. Ⅱ. Effects of Environmental Conditions of Temperature and Soil on Germinating Behavior and Adhering Strength of Coleorhiza hairs1) Temperature The germinating behavior and the adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs of the surface-sown tall fescue were investigated under different temperature conditions. The best germination process wasobserved at the temperatures of 15- 25℃ which have been known as the favorable range of growthtemperatures for temperate grass species. Within that temperature range the coleorhiza hairsappeared,grew vigorously and adhered strongly to the soil surface,and the percentage of the rising type in germinating behavior was considerably higher as compared with other temperatures, such as5℃ and 35℃. At the unfavorable temperatures, the exposed root type was observed more frequently, reflecting the weak adherence of coleorhiza hairs which was associated with lower number andlength of the hairs. The lying type was infrequent throughout all temperature conditions tested. Theadhering strength of coleorhiza hairs was closely correlated with number and length of those hairs and with the percentage of rising type (r =0.89, p<0.01 and r=0.92, p<0.01).\n2) Soil type, moisture and hardness The germinating behavior and the adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs of surface-sown tall fescueseed in a yellow paddy field soil and in three different types (sampled from Takanoo, Kawatabi, and Nishinasuno areas) of Kuroboku soil treated with 7 or 6 moisture levels (40- 90%) were observed.With all soil types and moisture levels, the lying type was rernarkably dominant below the hardness value of 3 gr which was determined on the soil surface by the silk needle method. The percentages of the rising type and the exposed-root type were increased with increasing soil hardness related to the decreasing moisture content. The highest percentage of the rising type was obtained at 40% and 85%moisture contents for paddy field soil and for the Kuroboku soils respectivety,indicating that the adhering of coleorhiza hairs was very variable in different physical structures of soil.\n3) Forms of organic litter on the soil surface As for with the germination rate and percentage of tall fescue sown on the soil surface, thosevalues of that grass were not influenced by three different forms of organic litter placed on the soil surface (the leaf litter layer, the decomposed layer, and the ash layer), except for a lower germination ratewith the leaf litter layer. The rising type tended to be higher for the decomposed matter than the leaflitter form, although all percentages were considerably higher in the exposed-root type. The adheringstrength of the coleorhiza was, as the result of combining adhering potentiality of the hairs and physicalstructure of soil or organic matter, lower with the decomposed matter and ash layers as compared withthe yellow paddy field soils.\nIII. Effects of Soil Amendment matter and Seed Pressing on the Seed Germination and Seedling Establishrnent1) Application of soil amendment matter The germination behavior of surface-sown tall fescue was investigated at the different pH conditions of each of the yellow paddy field soils and the Takanoo Kuroboku soils treated with applications ofsoil amendment matter. The rising type in germinating behavior was dominant at the pH values of 5to 8 in the paddy field soils and at the values of 5 to 6 in the Kuroboku soils. An application of fused magnesium phosphate was more effective in improving the p.H value of the acid Kuroboku soils and the germinating behavior in that soil than was that of superphosphate.\n2) Seed pressing Cattle trampled surface-sown seeds into the soil induced more favorable germination, such as higher percentage and higher initial growth of plant. Without trampling, most of seeds were lost during unsettled conditions. The adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs of surface-sown seeds was increased by seed pressing to about 1.4-2.4 times as much as no pressing, showing a higher percentage of the rising type which was superior in the initial growth to the exposed-root type. By inserting the embryo part of the seed intothe soil to about 2 mm depth, or by pressing seeds at the force of about 1 gr, good penetration of the seminal root and good seedling establishment were highly achieved even for the Kuroboku soils in which the exposed-root type was normally dominant.\n In the present study adhesion of coleorhiza hairs to the soil surface was found to aid favorablepenetration of the seminal root and thereby to induce favorable seed germination and seedling establish-ment because such anchoring action could protect seeds from being held by the penetration of the semi-nal root, The strength of coleorhiza hairs was found to be positively related to the percentage of therising type in germinating behavior observed during such initially critical stage of germination. The rising type in germinating behavior resulted in good seedling establishment, while the exposed-root typedid not survive. With the sod- and over-seeding establishment tested here, the percenhge of the rising type was variable depending on grass species, soil type and moisture level, hardness of soil surface,form of organic litter, application of soil amendment matter, and seed pressing. Frorn the viewpoint ofthe adhering function of coleorhiza hairs, application of soil amendment matter and seed pressing werefound to be effective methods to improve seed germination and seedling establishment, especially foracid Kuroboku soils which weakened the adhering strength of coleorhiza hairs.

著者

関根 義彦

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.1-23, 2004-03

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風の海面応力の季節変動については海洋の順圧応答が卓越し,北太平洋の亜熱帯循環では南西諸島の東にある大陸棚斜面に沿う琉球海流といわれる西岸境界流と伊豆海嶺の東にある西岸境界流の存在が晩冬から春にかけて指摘されていた。したがってこの二つの西岸境界流を接続する海流の存在が予知され,ここでは琉球海流続流と呼ぶ。この琉球海流続流の流れの特性を見るため,順圧モデルを仮定して冬と春のスヴェルドラップバランスした流れで駆動する幾つかの数値モデル実験を行った。本論では線形および弱非線形のモデルパラメータを与えた数値モデルの結果をまとめた。その結果,四国海盆ではムンク型,ムーア型,非線形型,超非線形型の4つの流れのパターンが存在することが示された。大きい渦粘性係数の場合にはムンク型のみが生じること,小さい渦粘性係数の場合には深さで制御される流入出速度が小さい場合にはムーア型が生じ,流入出速度が大きい場合には非線形型,流入出速度が最大の場合には超非線形型が生じることが示された。さらに,琉球海流続流はムンク型とムーア型の場合に明瞭に出現するが,非線形型と超非線形型の場合には不明確となることが示された。原著論文

著者

吉岡 基 Yoshioka Motoi

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 = The bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.45-48, 1996-03-01

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This paper briefly reviews some works on reproductive physiology in cetaceans with special reference to dolphins from the following aspects: estrous cycle in female dolphins, hormonal profiles during pregnancy, testosterone levels and seasonality in testicular activity, ovulation induction and sperm collection and freezing.

著者

小池 隆

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.23-53, 1989 (Released:2011-03-05)

著者

石田 正昭

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.17-30, 1999-01

著者

宮崎 照雄 太田 早紀

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.29, pp.21-30, 2002-11

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養殖ヒラメに発生したリンホシスチス細胞(LCC)の微細構造を観察した。若いLCCは既に厚い硝子状被膜を持って肥大しており、細胞質にはウイルス合成の場(AS)、粗面小胞体、リボゾーム、ミトコンドリアがよく発達し、細胞質の樹状の突起が被膜内に伸張していた。ASは顆粒状のinclusion zoneと基質部から構成され、inclusion zone表面でウイルス粒子が合成されていた。大きく肥大したLCCの核周囲の細胞質内ではASが崩壊し、ウイルス粒子(250-300nm)は結晶配列を示していた。細胞辺縁部では、多数のウイルス粒子を含むASは明瞭であるが、微小器官の多くは変性していた。

著者

小川 幸持

出版者

三重大学生物資源学部

雑誌

三重大学生物資源学部紀要 (ISSN:09150471)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.p89-95, 1993-01

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エンバク属,Avena abyssinica(4x,AsB), A. sativa cv. Victory (6x,ACD),およびA. fatua (6x,ACD)の収穫後4か月の種子(えい果)の各種温度における発芽を比較した。A. abyssinicaは,15℃から30℃の温度でよく発芽した。A. sativaの発芽は,15℃と20℃でよく発芽したが,25℃と30℃では減少した。また,A. fatuaは25℃と30℃で発芽しなかった。この実験結果は,A. abyssinicaの種子は休眠性がなく,A. sativaは中程度の休眠性を,A. fatuaは深い休眠性を示している。この3種の種子を横半分に切断して胚のある側と胚のない側に分けて,外生ジベレリン<special>A3(GA3)</special>の有る無しのそれぞれの場合のα-アミラーゼ生成を,後熟期間との関連で調べた。A. abyssinicaの胚のある側は,<special>GA3</special>がなくともα-アミラーゼを生成した。胚のある側も胚のない側も<special>GA3</special>誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,後熱期間に関係なく多かった。これに反して,A. sativaとA. fatuaの胚のある側の<special>GA3</special>誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,胚のない側に比べ少なかった,それぞれの側の<special>GA3</special>誘導α-アミラーゼ生成は,後熟期間に伴い増加した。この3種の間で,A. abyssinicaのアミラーゼ生成が最も多く,A. fatuaが最も少なく,A. sativaは両者の中間程度であった。上記の実験結果は,A. abyssinicaの胚は,胚乳の<special>GA3</special>誘導α-アミラーゼ生成に影響しないことを示している。これに対して,A. sativaの胚は,A. fatuaの場合と同様に.胚乳の<special>GA3</special>誘導α-アミラーゼ生成を抑制することを示している。上の各種エンバク属の種子の発芽休眠性の違いは,胚乳におけるα-アミラーゼ生成の多少,あるいは後熟に伴うα-アミラーゼ生成の変化と関係があることを示唆している。