著者

佐々木 輝美 武藤 栄一

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.57-70, 1987-05-31 (Released:2017-07-18)

---

While the problem of "ijime (bullying)" has become serious among pupils, few scholars have paid attention to this problem until recently. Among the studies done by scholars, most of them are fact-finding surveys and are not enough to explain why pupils bully others. Pupils' ijime behavior is sometimes very violent and such behavior is often portrayed on TV programs. Thus, it is possible to consider the issue from the view point of TV violence. Many researchers have undertaken studies of TV violence in western countries. Several theories on the mechanics of how television violence affects the viewer have been raised. One such theory, supported by past research, deals with the effects of modeling as well as of desensitization. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of "ijime" TV programs on children within the framework of observational learning theory and desensitization theory. The following three hypotheses will form the basis for this study. 1) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs tend to bully others. 2) Pupils learn ways of bullying more through TV than any other medium. 3) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs are more desensitized to bullying behavior by others. A survey was conducted in order to test the above hypotheses. The subjects were 977 (male 497, female 480) junior high-school students. The questionnaire included the following headings: 1) sex 2) programs frequently watched 3) experiences of bullying behavior 4) media through which students learn this bullying behavior 5) degree of desensitization to real bullying (students were asked how they would react if they happened to see real bullying by others) The first hypothesis was proved as a result of a chi square analysis of the obtained data; while the others were not. By discussing these results, the following were suggested. 1) In measuring desensitization, our questionnaire did not seem to be sensitive enough, and this reminds us of the basic problem of difficulty in measuring attitude. 2) In the process of learning bullying behavior, personal media as well as mass media seem to function as sources of acquiring bullying methods. This suggests that it would be necessary to clarify the interaction of these two types of media. 3) Pupils exposed to " ijime" TV programs tend to bully others and this suggests the necessity to control the portrayal of bullying behavior on TV.

著者

秋山 隆志郎 小平 さち子

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.31-42, 1988-06-30 (Released:2017-07-18)

---

低年齢幼児のためのテレビ番組開発の一環として,ごく短いアニメ「こんなこいるかな」を制作した。このアニメは,実験室内の研究では,高い注視率であった。しかし家庭でもよく注視されるか,また幼児に好まれたかどうかは,実験室内のデータのみでは明らかにならない。そこで,一次調査(昭和61年11月)と二次調査(昭和62年2月)の2回にわけて,2歳〜3歳の幼児,約270人に,家庭でこれを見てもらい,反応を調査した。また,家庭において,テレビ「こんなこいるかな」を見るだけでなく,同じキャラクターの載っている月刊雑誌を付加情報として配布した場合,幼児の視聴行動は,どう変化するかも確かめた。

著者

佐々木 輝美

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.57-71, 1986

---

The possible effects of TV violence on regular television viewers have been a critical problem. Study results have supported that there is a positive relation between the amount of violence viewed on TV and viewers' aggressiveness. However, these are cases mostly in America or in Europe and it can possibly be said that, in Japan, there have been no studies to clarify the relation between them. Thus, one of the purposes of this study was to clarify the relation between the amount of violence viewed on TV and viewers' aggressiveness. 473 (249 junior high and 224 senior high school) students were asked to choose up to five programs from among 25 violent programs and to answer 20 questions about their daily violent bahavior. The result indicates that there is a positive relation between them. The second purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the violence viewed on TV and the viewers' degree of desensitization toward violent scenes. The author hypothesized that the more people watch TV violence the more they become used to it and are no longer upset by witnessing violence. Subjects were asked how they would react when they witnessed violent scenes. The result indicates that there is no positive relation between them. However, the data indicate that there is a positive relation only in the case of senior high school students. This may suggest that the more years people are exposed to TV violence the more they become used to it. The third purpose of this study was to verify the effects of different types of programs on viewers' aggressiveness and on the degree of desensitization towards violent scenes. The author referred to Iwao's three categories of violent television programs; random violence, purposive violence and passive violence programs. Subjects were asked what type of program they frequently watch and were categorized into three viewing types; random violence viewing, purposive violence viewing and passive violence viewing types. The relationship between the amount of violence viewed on TV and the degree of desensitization towards violent scenes was analyzed for each viewing type. The result indicates in each case, there is no positive relation between them. The relationship between the amount of violence viewed on TV and viewers' aggressiveness was also analyzed for each viewing type. The result indicates that for each type, there is a positive relation between them and especially in the cases of viewing random violence and passive violence, the relation is stronger than when viewing purposive violence.

著者

秋山 隆志郎 小平 さち子

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.31-42, 1988

---

低年齢幼児のためのテレビ番組開発の一環として,ごく短いアニメ「こんなこいるかな」を制作した。このアニメは,実験室内の研究では,高い注視率であった。しかし家庭でもよく注視されるか,また幼児に好まれたかどうかは,実験室内のデータのみでは明らかにならない。そこで,一次調査(昭和61年11月)と二次調査(昭和62年2月)の2回にわけて,2歳〜3歳の幼児,約270人に,家庭でこれを見てもらい,反応を調査した。また,家庭において,テレビ「こんなこいるかな」を見るだけでなく,同じキャラクターの載っている月刊雑誌を付加情報として配布した場合,幼児の視聴行動は,どう変化するかも確かめた。

著者

佐々木 輝美 武藤 栄一

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.57-70, 1987

---

While the problem of "ijime (bullying)" has become serious among pupils, few scholars have paid attention to this problem until recently. Among the studies done by scholars, most of them are fact-finding surveys and are not enough to explain why pupils bully others. Pupils' ijime behavior is sometimes very violent and such behavior is often portrayed on TV programs. Thus, it is possible to consider the issue from the view point of TV violence. Many researchers have undertaken studies of TV violence in western countries. Several theories on the mechanics of how television violence affects the viewer have been raised. One such theory, supported by past research, deals with the effects of modeling as well as of desensitization. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of "ijime" TV programs on children within the framework of observational learning theory and desensitization theory. The following three hypotheses will form the basis for this study. 1) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs tend to bully others. 2) Pupils learn ways of bullying more through TV than any other medium. 3) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs are more desensitized to bullying behavior by others. A survey was conducted in order to test the above hypotheses. The subjects were 977 (male 497, female 480) junior high-school students. The questionnaire included the following headings: 1) sex 2) programs frequently watched 3) experiences of bullying behavior 4) media through which students learn this bullying behavior 5) degree of desensitization to real bullying (students were asked how they would react if they happened to see real bullying by others) The first hypothesis was proved as a result of a chi square analysis of the obtained data; while the others were not. By discussing these results, the following were suggested. 1) In measuring desensitization, our questionnaire did not seem to be sensitive enough, and this reminds us of the basic problem of difficulty in measuring attitude. 2) In the process of learning bullying behavior, personal media as well as mass media seem to function as sources of acquiring bullying methods. This suggests that it would be necessary to clarify the interaction of these two types of media. 3) Pupils exposed to " ijime" TV programs tend to bully others and this suggests the necessity to control the portrayal of bullying behavior on TV.

著者

小平 さちこ

出版者

日本教育メディア学会

雑誌

放送教育研究 (ISSN:03863204)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.19-44, 1994 (Released:2017-07-18)

---

In 1988 Channel 11 started broadcasting as a TV network with an emphasis on public education in Thailand: 60 percent of its total program hours are devoted to educational programs. For its broadcasting, many programs have been sent from Japan: these include NHK's school broadcasts such as "Science Class (Rika Kyoshitsu)" Series and pre-school series called "With Mother (Okaasanto Issho)". In early 1989, plans were drawn up for a Thai-Japanese cooperative study to analyze the effectiveness of these NHK's educational programs for children in Thai primary schools. Three primary schools were selected representing the three different civic bodies governing the schools both in Bangkok and provincial area. A total of 1,039 pupils (grades 1-6) and 20 teachers were involved in the study. In order to meet a variety of objectives of the study, various sets of surveys were designed as follows and carried out in May and June, 1990. STUDY 1 A) GENERAL QUESTIONNAIRE--- to obtain general information of the children's TV-viewing habits, including viewing hours, program preferences, access to Japanese animated cartoons, access to NHK's ETV programs, and parents' recommendation and control of TV-viewing. [No. of resultant samples-1,039 ] STUDY 2 : Evaluation of three programs of NHK's "Science Class" : "Magnet and Magnet" for grade 3, "Water and Vapor" for grade 4, "The Secret of the Seed" for grade 5. [693] B)SCIENCE TEST---to evaluate the role and the effectiveness of the science programs in increasing the pupils' factual knowledge on the particular subjects. The same tests were carried out before and after viewing the programs. [693] C)PROGRAM TEST---to analyze pupils' impressions and opinions of the science programs. [693] D)TEACHER INTERVIEW---to investigate the teachers' comments on the science programs above and general attitudes in using TV programs as educational materials. [20] MAIN RESULTS STUDY 1: The overall data indicate that Thai children are rather heavy TV viewers, with 51% watching more than 3 hours on weekdays. Access to TV is higher among Bangkok children than country children. As for program preferences, children in Bangkok are absorbed in watching Japanese cartoons, while, country children still prefer Thai dramas.The most popular Japanese cartoon is "Doraemon" both in Bangkok and the provincial area. 82% of the children find the NHK's ETV programs "very interesting." Among various programs, "Science Class" is the most popular in all three schools and in every grade. Parents and teachers also think highly of these NHK's ETV programs. The viewing of these programs is encouraged by 75% of the children"s parents and 63% of their teachers. STUDY 2: The results of the three programs in terms of effectiveness as well as audience evaluation show that the NHK's "Science Class" Series are effective as educational material for Thai pupils. The programs have a practical and immediate ability to potentially increase the pupils' knowledge on the contents. The highlights of the programs are the experiments, which bring a lot of excitement and stimulus for the pupils. The effects of the programs in three sample schools, considered to represent three different levels of learning ability, fails to produce a consistent pattern than can prove the programs are highly effective or extremely ineffective with particular groups of pupils. NHK's science series thus achieve their objectives by demonstrating that they can be used for nation-wide broadcasting in Thailand. The degrees of difficulty in each series seem to be suitable for the Thai pupils, so the series can be used for school broadcasts as well. Children at a provincial area are considered representative of the majority of Thai pupils. On each of the programs, its(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)