著者

日下部 眞一

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.13-41, 2012

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A previous report (Kusakabe, 2011, in Japanese) warned about an interpretation of a scatter diagram with coordinates expressed in the percentages or per capita data. Since most of the social indicators obey the Law of Power Function (Kusakabe, 2011), the scatter diagram of such indicaters in terms of ratio (percentage or per capita) inevitably shows positive or negative spurious correlations in cross section data analysis, irrespective of the causation. These spurious correlations are induced by the population size effect. Here, I will critically examine Putnam's Social Capital Index (SCI) in "Bowling Alone, Part 4." Putnam's SCI is highly correlated with the population size (Fig.12; R=-0.487**). Path analysis shows clear effect of population size on Putnam's SCI (Fig. 15(2)). Thus, Putnam's SCI inevitably induces both spurious correlations with most of the various social indicators and strong bias in his estimates for Social Capital Index. However, if we exclude the population size effect from Putnam's SCI using a regression method,the resulting regression residuals (adjusted SCI or the Regression-based score, R-score, defined by Kusakabe 2002a,b,c in Japanese) almost coincide with a Regression-based score of the number of nonprofit organizations in the United States (Fig.16(1),(2), R=0.663**).Both of the Regression-based scores of Putnam's SCI(adjusted SCI) and those of NPOs significantly correlate with the Regression-based scores of murders (Fig.20(1),21(1); R=-0.776**and -0.605**, respectively). Path analyses on both Putnam's adjusted SCI and R-score for NPOs clearly show the strong effect on the R-score for murders (Fig.20(2),21(2); pass coefficient, -0.776** and -0.605**, respectively). These results disclose firm evidences for "cultural embeddedness" of Social Capital in the United States. Thus, Social Capital, indeed, can be measurable with these Regression -based scores for the number of nonprofit organizations or Putnam's adjusted SCI (Regression-based SCI score).The revised version of Putnam's barometric map of America's Social Capital (Figure 25) is successfully presented in this study in terms of R-score for nonprofit organizations in the United States of America.2013年12月17日PDFファイル更新

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.41-78, 2015

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One of the most serious problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is unemployment. According to government statistics, almost half of the working population in the country is registered as unemployed with the public employment service. Employment is one of the preconditions for survival of minority returnees in BiH. However, resolving the unemployment problem is essential not only for minorities but also for the entire nation. This paper examines the problems around unemployment and job creation in BiH. The main findings of the research are as follows.Massive employment losses have occurred in the last 25 years in BiH. The main reason is the destructive influence of the civil war in the early 1990s. However, the number of unemployed has increased in the postwar period. This has been partially caused by the failure of privatization programs.According to "Labor force survey BiH," the labor force participation rate for 2006–2014 was 52%–54%. This is nearly 20% lower than the average of advanced countries. This fact reflects the scarcity of job opportunities in BiH.The unemployment rate is particularly high among the young. For example, the unemployment rate for those aged 15–24 years was 62% in 2014. A big problem is that thousands of young people who went into higher education and obtained qualifications have left the country for work elsewhere.The extremely severe employment situation has encouraged the escalation of two negative phenomena in BiH. One is unregistered work. In this type of employment, employers neglect their duty to give workers social insurance. Thus, they escape from their obligation to pay contributions for social insurance. The controls on illegal employers need to be enhanced.Another problem is nepotism, the unfair practice of those in positions of power giving jobs to their family and friends. In the public sector in BiH, a very small number of people obtain work easily through nepotism, while the rest, who have no influential connections, face great difficulty obtaining work. The solution to this problem requires corrective and preventive action against nepotism. This includes the introduction of a transparent system of recruitment.Employment creation is indispensable to solving the unemployment problem. This requires a strategic economic development plan in which the country's potential resources are fully utilized. It also demands the elimination of obstacles to start-ups and investment from home and abroad.

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.41-78, 2015

---

One of the most serious problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is unemployment. According to government statistics, almost half of the working population in the country is registered as unemployed with the public employment service. Employment is one of the preconditions for survival of minority returnees in BiH. However, resolving the unemployment problem is essential not only for minorities but also for the entire nation. This paper examines the problems around unemployment and job creation in BiH. The main findings of the research are as follows.Massive employment losses have occurred in the last 25 years in BiH. The main reason is the destructive influence of the civil war in the early 1990s. However, the number of unemployed has increased in the postwar period. This has been partially caused by the failure of privatization programs.According to "Labor force survey BiH," the labor force participation rate for 2006–2014 was 52%–54%. This is nearly 20% lower than the average of advanced countries. This fact reflects the scarcity of job opportunities in BiH.The unemployment rate is particularly high among the young. For example, the unemployment rate for those aged 15–24 years was 62% in 2014. A big problem is that thousands of young people who went into higher education and obtained qualifications have left the country for work elsewhere.The extremely severe employment situation has encouraged the escalation of two negative phenomena in BiH. One is unregistered work. In this type of employment, employers neglect their duty to give workers social insurance. Thus, they escape from their obligation to pay contributions for social insurance. The controls on illegal employers need to be enhanced.Another problem is nepotism, the unfair practice of those in positions of power giving jobs to their family and friends. In the public sector in BiH, a very small number of people obtain work easily through nepotism, while the rest, who have no influential connections, face great difficulty obtaining work. The solution to this problem requires corrective and preventive action against nepotism. This includes the introduction of a transparent system of recruitment.Employment creation is indispensable to solving the unemployment problem. This requires a strategic economic development plan in which the country's potential resources are fully utilized. It also demands the elimination of obstacles to start-ups and investment from home and abroad.