著者

日下部 眞一

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.13-41, 2012

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A previous report (Kusakabe, 2011, in Japanese) warned about an interpretation of a scatter diagram with coordinates expressed in the percentages or per capita data. Since most of the social indicators obey the Law of Power Function (Kusakabe, 2011), the scatter diagram of such indicaters in terms of ratio (percentage or per capita) inevitably shows positive or negative spurious correlations in cross section data analysis, irrespective of the causation. These spurious correlations are induced by the population size effect. Here, I will critically examine Putnam's Social Capital Index (SCI) in "Bowling Alone, Part 4." Putnam's SCI is highly correlated with the population size (Fig.12; R=-0.487**). Path analysis shows clear effect of population size on Putnam's SCI (Fig. 15(2)). Thus, Putnam's SCI inevitably induces both spurious correlations with most of the various social indicators and strong bias in his estimates for Social Capital Index. However, if we exclude the population size effect from Putnam's SCI using a regression method,the resulting regression residuals (adjusted SCI or the Regression-based score, R-score, defined by Kusakabe 2002a,b,c in Japanese) almost coincide with a Regression-based score of the number of nonprofit organizations in the United States (Fig.16(1),(2), R=0.663**).Both of the Regression-based scores of Putnam's SCI(adjusted SCI) and those of NPOs significantly correlate with the Regression-based scores of murders (Fig.20(1),21(1); R=-0.776**and -0.605**, respectively). Path analyses on both Putnam's adjusted SCI and R-score for NPOs clearly show the strong effect on the R-score for murders (Fig.20(2),21(2); pass coefficient, -0.776** and -0.605**, respectively). These results disclose firm evidences for "cultural embeddedness" of Social Capital in the United States. Thus, Social Capital, indeed, can be measurable with these Regression -based scores for the number of nonprofit organizations or Putnam's adjusted SCI (Regression-based SCI score).The revised version of Putnam's barometric map of America's Social Capital (Figure 25) is successfully presented in this study in terms of R-score for nonprofit organizations in the United States of America.2013年12月17日PDFファイル更新

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.71-98, 2006

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.51-75[含 英語文要旨], 2009

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Yugoslav war in 1991-1995 created the largest number of refugees and displaced persons since the end of World War II in Europe. As for Croatia, approximately 950,000 people were forced to leave their home during the war. The ethnic breakdown was the Croats 550,000 and the Serbs 400,000.After Dayton-Paris Agreement in the end of 1995, refugees and displaced persons started returning to their former areas of residence. As far as the Croats concerned, it can be said that the process of return has almost completed. In contrast to this, the return of Croatian Serbs refugees has been delayed considerably. So far only 100,000 people have returned home from abroad and two third of refugees are remaining out of the country.Among the various kinds of obstacles to return of Croatian Serbs refugees, the author regards the housing problem as the biggest one. Indeed, there are two kinds of housing problem, according to the type of ownership. One is the right of occupancy in the socially owned apartment and another is reconstruction and restitution of private houses of Serb refugees. In this paper the author focuses on the former problem.Before the war, most of urban inhabitants in Croatia lived in apartments owned by the state or state enterprises, often referred to as "socially owned apartments". The right to use a socially owned apartment apartment–frequently referred to as the right of tenancy–was protected by the law and more like the concept of property right. However, during the war and immediately afterwards, the government terminated these rights retained by the Croatian Serbs who had been long absent from home because of the war. New tenants–frequently the Bosnian Croats moved into their apartments and occupied them legally or illegally.Then the government started privatizing the socially owned apartments and sold them to the tenants for reduced-prices. The apartments in which the Croatian Serbs lived were privatized too and transformed into private possession. It became impossible for them to repossess their apartments. Therefore, so far very few Serbs refugees have returned home in urban areas in Croatia.The author saws a retributive thinking in the measures the government took. Such a kind of policy was unfortunately repeated in the history of Yugoslavia. It can be considered an expression of Balkan politics. However, nowadays Croatia ratifi ed various kind of international convention on human rights, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.Therefore, Croatia must take effective measures to review its policies, and to change any laws that have the effect of creating discrimination. The author thinks that then Croatia can enter into a new stage of its history.

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.41-78, 2015

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One of the most serious problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is unemployment. According to government statistics, almost half of the working population in the country is registered as unemployed with the public employment service. Employment is one of the preconditions for survival of minority returnees in BiH. However, resolving the unemployment problem is essential not only for minorities but also for the entire nation. This paper examines the problems around unemployment and job creation in BiH. The main findings of the research are as follows.Massive employment losses have occurred in the last 25 years in BiH. The main reason is the destructive influence of the civil war in the early 1990s. However, the number of unemployed has increased in the postwar period. This has been partially caused by the failure of privatization programs.According to "Labor force survey BiH," the labor force participation rate for 2006–2014 was 52%–54%. This is nearly 20% lower than the average of advanced countries. This fact reflects the scarcity of job opportunities in BiH.The unemployment rate is particularly high among the young. For example, the unemployment rate for those aged 15–24 years was 62% in 2014. A big problem is that thousands of young people who went into higher education and obtained qualifications have left the country for work elsewhere.The extremely severe employment situation has encouraged the escalation of two negative phenomena in BiH. One is unregistered work. In this type of employment, employers neglect their duty to give workers social insurance. Thus, they escape from their obligation to pay contributions for social insurance. The controls on illegal employers need to be enhanced.Another problem is nepotism, the unfair practice of those in positions of power giving jobs to their family and friends. In the public sector in BiH, a very small number of people obtain work easily through nepotism, while the rest, who have no influential connections, face great difficulty obtaining work. The solution to this problem requires corrective and preventive action against nepotism. This includes the introduction of a transparent system of recruitment.Employment creation is indispensable to solving the unemployment problem. This requires a strategic economic development plan in which the country's potential resources are fully utilized. It also demands the elimination of obstacles to start-ups and investment from home and abroad.

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 = Studies of environmental sciences (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.41-78, 2015

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One of the most serious problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is unemployment. According to government statistics, almost half of the working population in the country is registered as unemployed with the public employment service. Employment is one of the preconditions for survival of minority returnees in BiH. However, resolving the unemployment problem is essential not only for minorities but also for the entire nation. This paper examines the problems around unemployment and job creation in BiH. The main findings of the research are as follows.Massive employment losses have occurred in the last 25 years in BiH. The main reason is the destructive influence of the civil war in the early 1990s. However, the number of unemployed has increased in the postwar period. This has been partially caused by the failure of privatization programs.According to "Labor force survey BiH," the labor force participation rate for 2006–2014 was 52%–54%. This is nearly 20% lower than the average of advanced countries. This fact reflects the scarcity of job opportunities in BiH.The unemployment rate is particularly high among the young. For example, the unemployment rate for those aged 15–24 years was 62% in 2014. A big problem is that thousands of young people who went into higher education and obtained qualifications have left the country for work elsewhere.The extremely severe employment situation has encouraged the escalation of two negative phenomena in BiH. One is unregistered work. In this type of employment, employers neglect their duty to give workers social insurance. Thus, they escape from their obligation to pay contributions for social insurance. The controls on illegal employers need to be enhanced.Another problem is nepotism, the unfair practice of those in positions of power giving jobs to their family and friends. In the public sector in BiH, a very small number of people obtain work easily through nepotism, while the rest, who have no influential connections, face great difficulty obtaining work. The solution to this problem requires corrective and preventive action against nepotism. This includes the introduction of a transparent system of recruitment.Employment creation is indispensable to solving the unemployment problem. This requires a strategic economic development plan in which the country's potential resources are fully utilized. It also demands the elimination of obstacles to start-ups and investment from home and abroad.

著者

友原 嘉彦

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科紀要. II, 環境科学研究 (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.91-93, 2011-12-31

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The purpose of this study is to examine how the historic cities of the new federal German states (former German Democratic Republic=GDR) play a role in peripheral tourism regions. Mountainous, lakeside and seaside regions were chosen as examples.

著者

材木 和雄

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.19-42, 2007

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Yugoslavia was attacked by Nazi-Germany on April 6, 1941. The king and the government left the country by air on April 15 for exile. The Royal Yugoslav Army capitulated to the Axis Forces on April 17, just eleven days later from the outbreak of war. The Germans immediately dismembered the conquered country. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was not only militarily defeated in war but also deprived of the right to exist as a state.Before the Second World War the Yugoslav Army had a great prestige in Europe based on its contribution to the victory of the Allied Forces in the First Word War. Though encircled Yugoslavia's ultimate defeat was admittedly inevitable, it was nevertheless a great surprise that its Army presented only feeble performance and defeated within so short a time. Therefore immediately after the occupation of Yugoslavia the concerned parties began inquiring the reason and responsibility for such a disgraceful collapse of the Army and the Kingdom.During the World War Serbian nationalist claimed that the treacherous behavior of Croats and other non-Serbian people of Yugoslavia was the main reason for a quick breakup of the Kingdom in April war of 1941. Though Communist party of Yugoslavia sharply objected to such claims, the decline and end of Communist control made it possible for these ideas to gain foothold in modern Serbian history. Naturally these theories were met by backlash of Croatian historians.Considering such controversy, this article pointed out three reasons. The first factor was Yugoslav military unpreparedness. Surely the Yugoslav high command must have expected German armed intervention as an aftermath of the anti-Tripartite Pact coup on March 27 1941. However, when the German forces struck, the mobilization and concentration of Yugoslav defense forces had hardly begun. In the end, Yugoslavia was less than half mobilized.The second factor was deficiency of defense plans. Before the war the Yugoslav General Staff worked out three defense plans one. However, all of these plans committed to a cordon type defense. Instead of massing their forces around strategic points, the Yugoslav command chose to scatter its forces and spread them along the entire perimeter of the country's frontier. It was easy for the German highly mechanized attack forces to break through the poor Yugoslav defense lines.The third factor was the lack of fighting sprits among major elements of the Yugoslav Army. Shortly after the Germans attacked, entire Croat units simply threw away and quit fighting. There can be little doubt years of antagonism between the Serbs and Croats had a great influence over their morale. However, the persistence was missing among Serb elements of the Army. Good evidence is as follows. The German troops which started from Bulgaria and charged forward through mid-Serbia reached to Beograd almost the same time that other troops which advanced through the plain of Slavonia, although mountainous terrain in southeast Yugoslavia gave the defender a certain advantage over highly mechanized attack force.The author thinks that the Kingdom still had a prospect to continue to resist even after its formal capitulation. However, the royal government deserted the country so hasty that it lost the public confidence and ultimately precluded the possibility to rebuild the nation after the War.

著者

佐々木 宏

出版者

広島大学大学院総合科学研究科

雑誌

環境科学研究 (ISSN:18817696)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.43-66, 2007

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Focusing on class disadvantages in relation to conditions for the development of children born and raised in impoverished families in developing countries, and on disadvantages related to education particular, this paper sought to generally outline the framework by which disadvantages are formed in the process of a child's growth. To that end, an interview survey of 16 youth of different classes was conducted in 2006 in a provincial city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and comparison of the life histories and current living conditions of the interviewed youth was attempted. Results revealed two points. First, children of impoverished families were found to suffer various disadvantages throughout their lives, from a young age to adolescence, in comparison to children of wealthy families. In addition, disadvantages for such children of impoverished families were found to be severely affected and formed by not just a dearth of resources in terms of the family's financial, cultural, and social relationships but also by societal context (production system, labor market, educational and other systems, etc.).