著者

菅原 国香

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 第(0xF9C2)期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.218, pp.118-120, 2001

著者

矢島 祐利

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 第(0xF9C2)期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.119, pp.p113-121, 1976-09

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Die Zeitschrift, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences (no. 94,1974) verkuundigte den Tod von Dr. A. Maier, einer hervorlagenden Gelehrtin aus Deutschland, die in Rom lebte und dort starb. Ihr weitbekanntes, funfbandiges Hauptwerk, "Studien zur Naturphilosophie der Spatscholastik" (Rom, 1940-1958) besteht and folgenden Banden: I. Die Vorlaufer des Galileis im 14. Jahrhundert, (1940; 2. Aufl. 1949); II. Zwei Grundprobleme der scholastischen Naturphilosophie (1950; 2Aufl. 1951); III. An der Grenze von Scholastik, und Naturwissenschaft (1951; 2. Aufl. 1952); IV. Metaphysische Hintergrunde der Spatscholastischen Naturphilosophie (1955) und V. Zwischen Philosophie und Mechanik (1958). Es ist ein grossztigiges und wunderbares Werk, das insgesamt 1800 Seiten hat, kostete mir 3 Jahre durchzulesen. Es war Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), der Wissenschaftsgeschichte des spaten Mittelalters eine Reihe bahnbrechender Forschungen beitrug, obgleich er dabei eine etwaige ubertreibung nicht zn umgehen vermochte. Dr. A. Maier untersuchte aufs neue die Originaltexte, Manuskripte sowie Gedruckte, wobei die Sammlung der vatikanischen Bibliothek zu ihrer Verfugung stand. Zu bemerken ist es, dass sie die ubertriebungen Duhems in vielen Punkten berichtigte. Beispielsweise schatzte Duhem Albert von Sachsen als Beforder der Impetustheorie sehr hoch, die aber nach Dr. Maier nur als ein Gemisch von Buridans und Oresmes von Albert dar gestellt wurde. Ist das wirklich so? Es scheint mir noch ein Problem zu sein. Dennoch interessiert uns das Werk Maiers sehr, und zwar vor allem deswegen, weil sie aus originellen Texten Alberts und sonstiger Schriftsteller zahlreiche Zitate darbietet, die une nicht nahe liegen. Leider fehlt es den gesamten Bandern das Namenregister.

著者

矢野 道雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 第(0xF9C2)期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.118, pp.p93-98, 1976-06

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The basis for the study of Indian Astronomy and Calendar was founded by such pioneers in the last century as Colebrooke, Weber, Burgess, and Thibaut. But they found no successors in this field untill recently when Prof. 0. Neugebauer, based on his interpretation of the astronomical cuneiform texts, approached to the Indian materials. More recently Prof. D. Pingree undertook further and more detailed study of Sanskrit astronomical texts with his knowledge of both Sanskrit and the history of classical astronomy. The pourpose of the present essay is to show the Japanese reader the Five Year Cycle of the oldest Indian Calendar or the hotisavedanga, eventually illustrating how the recent works of Neugebauer and Pingree are indispensable in this field of the history of science. The contents of the paper are I. The Text: Comparison of Rk- and Yajur- recensions of the Vedangajyotisa. II. The Five Year Cycle: Pingree's interpretation of 366 sidereal, not civil, days in a year. III. Naksalras: Where do they begin? IV. The length of daylight: Babylonian Origin. V. The first days of the each ayana: How they are obtained. The intercalary month of each 5 ayanas. VI. Conclusion: Inaccuracy of the edic calendar.

著者

中川 徹 榊原 聖文 飯野 貞雄 青木 国夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 第(0xF9C2)期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.126, pp.p114-119, 1978-06

著者

中川 保雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 第(0xF9C2)期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.157, pp.20-33, 1986-05

被引用文献数

1

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It has been asserted that the investigations of atomic bomb radiation effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were conducted in the high traditions of scientific inquiry. These scientific data has been used for the assessments of the radiation effects from nuclear wars and for the risk estimation of low level radiation. However, the investigator for acute radiation effects was the U. S. Armed Forces Joint Commission, and then the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission was founded by the request of the Surgeons General of U. S. Army and U. S. Navy. The Japanese scientists who worked under the control of U. S. officers had been engaged in the survey after the dropping of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which had formed a link in the chain of the survey by the scientists who had worked for development of Japanese atomic bomb. The conclusions from the investigations by the U. S. Armed Forces Joint Commission and ABCC were derived from the following underestimations: 1) Among a variety of acute radiation syndrome, only epilation and purpura were designated specific symptoms of the acute radiation injuries. Other injuries such as fatigue, fever, anorexia and vomiting and so on were excluded from acute radiation ones. 2) Data of acute deaths in relation to the distance from the ground zero were also understimated on a basis of underrating of radiation injuries. The threshold dose of 100R for acute radiation death was a result of these underestimations. 3) The threshold dose of 25R for radiation injuries was derived quantitatively from the animal experiment during the Manhattan Project and adapted to the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to deny the radiation injuries among the people who were exposed out of 2 km from the ground zero where the atomic radiation dose was estimated about 20R. But that animal experiment of the reduction of lymphocite from X-ray dose showed that there was no threshold at 25R, but the effect could be found far below the value. The important results of acute deaths and acute injuries from atomic radiation exposure in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been based on a number of underestimations of radiation effects. These underestimations were in connection with the American nuclear strategy in those days for monopolizing nuclear weapons, preparing nuclear wars, and developing commercial uses of nuclear power. The assessments of the radiation effects from nuclear wars and the risk estimation from low level radiation, which were based on the investigations of acute radiation effect in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, should be reexamined.