著者

砂川 秀樹

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.1-13, 2009-03

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America, we see a widening of legalizing partnership between the same sex. However, there has not been discussion on the family that takes this into account. Moreover, in the U.S., there are increasing cases where lesbian couples procreate through artificial insemination. How can anthropological kinship studies deal with this? In Japan, there are no institutional bases for legalizing and securing same-sex couples, so that often, the system of adoption in the name of parent-child has been used between mature persons instead. Here, I will also consider how this absence of legal security and the substitutive system of adoption has affected the relationship among gay men and lesbians in Japan.

著者

竹田 敏之

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.1-29, 2009-02

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The modern Arab world was born from the common bonds of the Arabic language and Arabic culture out of the process of the dismantlement of the traditional Islamic world represented by the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The present author has been examining the formation of the modern Arab world and the establishment of Arabic as a modern national language. For Arabic to become a modern language, it was crucial to structure the grammar in a way that was clear and easy for pupils in elementary and secondary schools to understand. Adapting traditional Arabic vocabulary to a modern context was another crucial task. In this paper, we discuss how the men of letters and linguistic specialists in the Arab world tackled this essential task of adopting a modern vocabulary in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Traditionally, the adaptation of foreign concepts and vocabulary was called "ta'rīb", or "Arabization". In the classical periods, there were numerous discussions on this subject, as the Abbasid era witnessed a great period when a large number of mainly Greek scientific works were translated into Arabic. The Nahda (renewal) period in the 19th century, second only to the Abbasid precedent in its massive size, marked another great period when modern Western texts were translated into Arabic. Of the intellectuals of the Nahda period, al-Tahtawi, al-Shidyaq, and al-Yaziji were the most notable for their contribution to the "Arabization" of modern concepts and vocabularies. In this paper, their contributions are carefully cited and examined. They also called for the formation of language academies where urgent issues for the Arabic language could be addressed and discussed. In the 20th century, such academies were established in Syria, Egypt, Iraq and other Arabic-speaking countries. These academies have served as a common public forum for debates on linguistic and cultural issues that concern all Arabic speaking peoples. Ta'rīb, or the adoption of modern terms in scientific and cultural fields as well as terms used in modern daily life was, in addition to simply importing foreign words in transliterated forms, basically done by one of the following two methods. The first, ishtiqāq (derivation), which created derived words from word-roots, was proposed and used widely to produce many new words. Since this method represents one 2 of the most important characteristics of Arabic, that is, producing new words by derivation, it has been favored in the process of importing Western concepts. The second, naḥt, that is, minting a new word by putting two or three words together, was also proposed. Some scholars preferred this method and tried hard to promote it. Arabic academies spent a long time discussing the naht method of creating new words, and came to the conclusion that, while it is very useful, its function should be restricted to scientific fields. Apparently, the need to foster Arabic as the "common and authentic" language of the Arabs influenced this outcome, while the need to develop a "modern" vocabulary could be served by either of the two methods.

著者

砂川 秀樹

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.1-13, 2009-03

---

America, we see a widening of legalizing partnership between the same sex. However, there has not been discussion on the family that takes this into account. Moreover, in the U.S., there are increasing cases where lesbian couples procreate through artificial insemination. How can anthropological kinship studies deal with this? In Japan, there are no institutional bases for legalizing and securing same-sex couples, so that often, the system of adoption in the name of parent-child has been used between mature persons instead. Here, I will also consider how this absence of legal security and the substitutive system of adoption has affected the relationship among gay men and lesbians in Japan.

著者

宗野 ふもと

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, pp.1-69, 2009-03

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In 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence from the SSSR. The resultant transition from a planned economy to a market economy has had an impact on the daily life of ordinary people living in Uzbekistan. People have been experiencing increasingly severe economic conditions on a daily basis, due to the rise in both inflation and unemployment. In contrast, culturally, there has been a revival of "traditional" Uzbekistani skills in the renewed nationalistic climate that emerged following the independence. This paper analyzes the role that carpet weaving plays in the lives of the weavers themselves by focusing on a carpet factory in Khiva, a town in the Khorezm province of Uzbekistan. In Chapter I, I explain the transformation that occurred in the life of Uzbekistani women under Soviet rule. In Chapter II, I explain the historical change that occurred in the carpet industry in Khiva. In Chapter III, based on data obtained through participant observation, I describe the relationships between the weavers working at the factory. In Chapter IV, I analyze the various roles that carpet weaving plays in the lives of the weavers. The conclusion of the study can be summarized in the following points. First, weavers earn a moderate income for weaving at the factory, which they are free to spend as they wish. Second, the relationships between the weavers are comparatively equal. Third, the equal nature of the relationships forged at the factory serve as a model that they can introduce, should they move factories, or establish a new factory. Fourth, the weavers are motivated daily by the enjoyment and satisfaction they derive from weaving carpets.

著者

宇田川 妙子

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.1-21, 2009-03

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Developments in reproductive technologies have been considered to affect and transform not only everyday notions but also academic knowledge practices of kinship, especially anthropology of kinship. In this article I would like to reexamine what really has been changing, because reproductive technologies are now being practiced and discussed more in terms of life, specifically embryo, than of kinship. Embryo-life discourse would mean that person were deprived of any relatedness, highly individualized, and then fragmented to parts such as DNA, cells, internal organs etc.. I am afraid that this shift might alienate reproductive technologies from kinship studies. But embryo-life idiom certainly interweaves with kinship one, and this very idiom might generate some new kind of relatedness that might be unpredicted, reconstructing knowledge also of nature, technology, biological facts, body etc.. So articulating this embryo-life discourse with kinship one will give new and more radical scope to kinship studies. Here I work on this issue through the analysis of the situation in Italy, especially of the debate on the medically assisted procreation law enacted in 2004.

著者

笹川 秀夫

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, pp.1-27, 2009-11

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After the end of the Cambodian civil war prolonged for more than twenty years, there can be seen progress of the studies on Cambodian Buddhism in English. However, documents preserved at the National Archives of Cambodia are not fully utilized in these works. This paper, therefore, scrutinizes new documents and tries to delineate the policies of the French colonial administration and the royal government toward Buddhism, and to describe the responses of the Buddhist monks, particularly those who claimed to reform the religious practices according to Tripitaka. Since the middle of the 19th century, Cambodian Buddhism had been under the ced learning of the Pali language were provided. In order to interrupt such a stream, the colonial authorities tried to issue identity cards of the monks and novices, and to found Pali schools from the 1900s. These policies finally took root among the Khmer monks in the late 1910s. Instead of the Siamese temples, the Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orinent played an important role in cultivating a new "reformation" led by the two young Francophone monks named Chuon Nath and Huot Tath. They devoted themselves to the activities of the Royal Library and Buddhist Institute, both of which were reorganized or established by the Ecole, and they advocated the "reformation" of the Mohanikay sect. Their influences upon the alumni of the Ecole supérieure de Pali caused conflicts with senior monks, which spread to the monasteries in the cities from the 1920s and those in the local villages through the 1950s and 1960s. After the fall of Pol Pot regime, under which religion had been entirely prohibited, most of the temples began to follow the path of the "reformation." Thus Chuon Nath and Huot Tath became considered to be the leading figures in Cambodian Buddhist history.

著者

加瀬澤 雅人

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, 2009-02

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Ayurveda, which was originally confined to Indian subcontinent and its vicinity, is now becoming a global medical practice, spreading to different areas of the world and acquiring new meanings in theory and practice. The globalization of Ayuveda has also had a great impact on India. Many patients go there from abroad to receive treatment. In the state of Kerala, many residential institutions have sprung up for such patients, and Ayurveda is rapidly growing into a huge industry. It seems that the practice of Ayurveda in India is undergoing reconstruction through contact with the outside world. I argue how we can utilize this Indian medical knowledge to our modernized lifestyle by my research example of India, United States and Japan.

著者

久保 忠行

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, pp.1-20, 2010-05

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This paper aims to discuss on a process of achieving camp refugees' "autonomy" by analyzing refugees' self-help activities. Aid agencies such as International NGOs (INGO) provide development-oriented aid to refugees at a stage of protracted refugee condition. This approach aims to reduce the burden of INGOs as well as encourage refugees' self-support. At the Thailand-Burmese border refugee camps, INGO have prompted to set up Community Based Organizations (CBOs) as camp based, refugee-organized aid organizations, backed by financial support from INGOs. INGOs provide CBO staffs to method of management, how to organize groups. This development-oriented framework of aid also enlightens "universal" value such as democracy, freedom and equality to refugees. At a Thailand-Burmese border camp, this "universal" value has reached masses to a degree, now it is understood as "globalized culture". This "globalized culture" has dual meaning among refugees. It is said the core element of causing social problems. On the other hand, it is accepted as "development", which can be the way to solve social problems. A sense not being at home and strangeness living as refugees serve as driving force to set up self-organized CBOs, which are not being supported by INGOs. The social position of the self-organized CBOs shows a possibility of achieving refugees' "autonomy".

著者

園部 太郎 佐藤 孝宏 奥村 与志弘 広田 勲 津田 冴子 小石 和成 大村 善治

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.1-15, 2009-03

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A possibility of sustainable biomass power generation from rice fields in Thailand has been investigated from view points of potential power generation, their chemical properties, current status of power generation using rice production residue and the field survey at the rice husk power plant and rice mill of Chainat in Thailand. It is found that rice husk has been mostly used in this region for power generation mostly because of its easiness of collection and transportation as compared with rice straw. With comparison of chemical properties of rice husk and rice straw, it is also suggested that rice husk can be converted to heat relatively easier compared with rice straw. In order to supply the electricity from biomass power plant steadily in Thailand, it can be suggested to increase the fuel variation by utilization of other biomass resources such as rice straw.

著者

石川 晃士

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.1-29, 2008-12

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Cambodia is largely an agrarian society; rice crops are the backbone of Cambodian agriculture. For most of these farmers, rice is their major source of income and sustenance and thus rice plays an integral part in the economy of rural Cambodia. However, Cambodia's history and structure of industry has helped define rice-based agricultural sectors in which poor populations have traditionally engaged and earned a livelihood. This is particularly so with the low production of rice and is characterized by low income. Although Cambodia has achieved an overall self-sufficiency since 1995, rice productivity in Cambodia is still the lowest among countries in Asia, which derives from a number of factors such as low input investment in rice production and farmers' limited financial sources. In addition, another problem within the industry is the rice processing and distribution sector faces many related obstacles such as a lack of working capital, low milling technology, a poor infrastructure, and a fragmented distribution system. The agricultural sector is where the poor are employed and earn a living in Cambodia. It would follow that increasing productivity and trade returns on rice produce in this sector will be important for improving the livelihood of the poor. Therefore, the challenge for Cambodian rural development is to grasp the present situation and prioritize the constrains to increase productivity and generate improvements within the rice industry, and develop the strategies to overcome the existing obstacles. This paper describes the linkage between each of the factors along the rice value chain, from input suppliers for rice production, to the final milled products and all the associated by-products and value added from products derived from rice. While providing the characteristics along each level of the chain, the analysis identifies the key constrains and linkage at each level of the chain

著者

二宮 健一

出版者

京都大学東南アジア研究所

雑誌

Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies: G-COE Series

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.1-35, 2010-06

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Dancehall Gospel is a form of Gospel music in Jamaica. As the name suggests, it has the musical character of Dancehall music, which is the mainstream form of popular music in Jamaica. Dancehall Gospel singers are called 'Gospel Deejays'. One of the characteristics which sets Dancehall Gospel apart when it is compared with other forms of gospel music in Jamaica is that while gospel singers and church choirs are predominantly female, most gospel deejays are male. This paper examines the image of the 'Christian' male, which Dancehall Gospel represents, and considers the influence that it has on Jamaican church communities. This paper also aims to construct a conceptual framework within which to study the influence of the male image on social groups. Chapter 1 reviews three major perspectives found in Caribbean masculinity studies and shows that they lack effective concepts with which to study the influence of a male image on social groups. Chapter 2 presents the background of Dancehall Gospel. It examines the male image represented by church and Dancehall respectively. Chapter 3 examines the male image created by Gospel Deejays through their stage performances and considers the influence of that male image on church communities in Jamaica. The last chapter makes several notes to construct the conceptual framework to study the influence of the male image on social groups.