14 0 0 0 OA 江戸時代の日本における円周率の値の逆行現象
6 0 0 0 OA 中世大袖の規格化と甲冑用鷹バカリについて
An armour of Oyoroi type, the simbol of the armours available in the Japanese middle age, was characterized with a big rectangular sleeve for defense together with a helmet and with a lace of brilliant colours having shown a majestic appearance. The so-called Osode, the above sleeve of "Oyoroi", was later attached to a light armour of Domaru type or Haramaki type, too and used for practice over through the middle age. The "Osode" sleeve is assumed to have been formerly made in an arbirtary dimension. In the latter Kamakura era it began to be made 35 cm wide, expanding wider than the conventional. Since the Nanboku-cho era the dimension of the width of Osode seemed to be standardized and it continued for about two hundred and several ten years up to the end of the Muromachi era. I watched the fact the dimenssion of a 35 cm wide Osode corresponded to just one shaku of the "Taka-Bakari" which equalled one shaku one sun five bu of a regular scale, while Hirotaka Yashiro and Ekisai Kariya pointed that the "Taka-Bakari" was used for an armour making. So I compared real measurement values shown in "Kattyu Irei", an old literature, with the "Taka-Bakari" and referred to the related literatures for an evidence supporting my judgement. After my research I assume that "Taka-Bakari" began to be used by craftsmen of armours at the latter Kamakura era and Osode was standardized with a "Taka-Bakari" as standard scale since the Nanpoku-cho era, and the width was made one shaku of the "Taka-Bakari". I assume the Following, too : in the background that the "Taka-Bakari" prevailed among the craftsman of armours and was standardized, 1) there was an increasing demand for armours which reflected breaking conflicts in succession and 2) coping with it, a craft unicom was organized and process rationalization per standardization or division of labor followed.
4 0 0 0 OA 近世における質量標準の変化
Tracing the changes of mass standard by statistical calculation on the basis of the weights, nominal gold and silver coins, and metrological conversion tables in modern Japan, the author has obtained the following results : There had been no great change in mass standard in modern Japan, its mean value during 298 years from 1573 to 1870 being 3.736×10^<-3>kg per \"momme\". Since the beginning of 19th century, mass standard has been rising enormously, and especially, its mean value during 37 years from 1834 to 1870 reached 3.756×10^<-3>kg. In 1871, the \"Regulation of New Coins\" was enacted and 1 \"momme\" was determined at 3.756521×10^<-3> kg, but it was not universally observed. The mean value during 20 years from 1871 was 3.750×10^<-3>kg. This value was adopted in the \"Law of Weights and Measures\" in 1891, and continued till the Shaku-Kan system was abolished.
4 0 0 0 近世における質量標準の変化
3 0 0 0 OA 『後藤家譜』についての一考察
2 0 0 0 OA 西洋度量衡の受容(2)
As a continuation to the part I (this Bulletin, 20-1,1998,p.1), this paper analyses three Japanese literatures on weights and measures appeared in the late Yedo era. The first is the manuscript under the title of Seiyo Doryoko (Western Weights and Measures) composed and complemented by Yoan Udagawa (1798-1846), a Japanese scholar of Dutch learning who introduced Western chemistry effectively into Japan. The manuscript listed up the numeral and monetary terms as well as the units of length, weight, volume and time of Western origin and indicated their Japanese equivalents. The second is the prefatorial note to a pharmaceutical book, Ensej Iho Mojbutu Ko (1822-1825), compiled by Shinsai Udasawa, Yoan's father. This note contained a brief description of Western weights and measures by Yoan himself, which is now esteemed as the first printed literature in Japan on European metrological units. The third is a supplement (1834) to the above-mentioned pharmaceutical book. The supplement, referring to European units more substantially than the note by Yoan, was edited by Koan Ogata (1810-1863), who learnt Western medicine from Shinsai Udagawa and later became the prominent leader of modern medicine in Japan.
2 0 0 0 新〓嘉量について
- 著者
- 岩田 重雄
- 出版者
- 日本計量史学会
- 雑誌
- 計量史研究 = Bulletin of the Society of Hist[o]rical Metrology, Japan (ISSN:02867214)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.26, no.2, pp.93-99, 2004-12-01
- 参考文献数
- 54
- 被引用文献数
- 1
2 0 0 0 IR 前方後円墳の築造企画と単位(3)
- 著者
- 宮川 陟
- 出版者
- 日本計量史学会
- 雑誌
- 計量史研究 (ISSN:02867214)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.18, no.1, pp.8-26, 1996
- 参考文献数
- 16
Based on a survey of the Mozu Otsukayama burial mound, I considered how the mound was built. I found that earth was heaped in a cone shape with a diameter of about 12 meters, or else as a trapezoid with earth packed in layers based on a level of about 1.3 m. The writer calls this 12 meter pile a hiro, and the 1.3 m height as being at eye level. The structural plan discussed to this point is a study for the reconstruction of the technology and techniques to construct a keyhole-shaped burial mound. Based on this assumption, sufficient land was allotted on the school grounds for a three-module type Ozono burial mound and a 1/8 scale Daisen burial mound, which is a large, eight-moudule type mound. The course and results of this experiment were described. The only approach available to actually allot land for the structural plan of a keyhole-shaped burial mound was to use a leveling string to accurately determine the basic main line and the lateral line that meets the main line at right angles. To obtain a right angle, strings of a ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 (corresponding to the Pythagorean theorem) Were used. To draw a big are on the ground, a string or rope measured to the radius of the intended are is usually used as a compass, However, the experiment confirmed that, with a large are of radius 15 meters, the string stretches like rubber however hard the strands are twisted together, making it impossible to draw an accurate are. We confirmed that an are can be drawn with a very small error by stretching leveling strings across a radius from the center of a circle, measuring the radius to be obtained by connecting the hiro measuring rods, and then by connecting the polygons. For the "module" for each portion of the mound, the method we used was to simply allot a length of the module in the same way by connecting hiro measuring rods. It was not at all necessary to draw a complicated mesh of square divisions. This method produced good results, with a total error of about 0.3% to 0.5%. The method used resulted in virtually no error produced by rope stretching. It probably had further significance, namely the use of this method constituted a repetition of the magical act of inscribing spiritual power from the ground by allotting land for the burial mound using the hiro, which symbolizes a chief buried in the mound. From the land allotment experiment, which we performed twice, we demonstrated that the structural plan and its execution are a technical system refined to a very simplified technique in which land allotment for a burial mound can be made on the spot, even without a "design drawing, " provided the numerical value for one module is decided beforchand, keeping in mind the allotment based on square division, which is a master plan for building a keyhole-shaped burial mound and which was discussed in Part (1) of the paper.
2 0 0 0 近代度量衡制度の展開 : 松平春嶽と瓜生三寅
- 著者
- 山田 研治
- 出版者
- 日本計量史学会
- 雑誌
- 計量史研究 = Bulletin of the Society of Hist[o]rical Metrology, Japan (ISSN:02867214)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.26, no.1, pp.1-19, 2004-06-30
- 参考文献数
- 102
1 0 0 0 OA 先秦時代の中国における歩と里の長さ
I demonstrated that there is no great difference between statures of the present-day Japanese, present-day Chinese and ancient Chinese on the basis of statistical data and inferred that there is no remarkable difference between their lengths of step which are correlated with their stature. Further, I took up problematical points in measurement of Length of Li by pacing and contemplated them. Next, I calculated by estimation length of Pu and Li in main ages from Western Chou to Ch'in in the warring states on the basis of linear measure chronology which I integrated in my preceding report. These results, together with those in my preceding report, are summarised in the following table.
1 0 0 0 OA 西洋度量衡の受容(3)
1 0 0 0 OA 『米欧回覧実記』に現われる度量衡
The Iwakura Embassy Itinerary, published in 1878 and now available as 5 volumes of the Iwanami-Bunko (edited and annotated by A. Tanaka), was originally compiled by Kunitake Kume (1838-1931), who was a member of the Embassy and later became known as a dominant scholar of history of Japan. He took great care in comparative evaluation of the weights and measures of foreign countries which the Embassy visited from 1871 through 1873 and he described them anallytically in the Itinerary together with their numerical relationship to Japanese weights and measures. In this paper discussed are his manner in assessing the weights and measures as well as the possible sources of information he could manage at the time of compilation. Emphasis is laid on the problem of conversion of foreign units of length, area, capacity and weight to Japanese ones which were just at the stage of new consolidation with implicit reference to the Metric System.
1 0 0 0 所司代板倉周防守重宗判枡の写し枡 : 「京運寫」印枡
- 著者
- 山田 研治 小林 健藏
- 出版者
- 日本計量史学会
- 雑誌
- 計量史研究 = Bulletin of the Society of Historical Metrology, Japan (ISSN:02867214)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.36, no.1, pp.49-56, 2014
1 0 0 0 OA 微量天びんの先駆者、飯盛挺造
Probably there is no one who talks of the history of the microbalance but refers to the achievements of Warburg, E. and Ihmori, T. For instance, Bahrndt, K. titled his article "The Microbalance And Its Development Since 1886", and stated that the microbalance for physical and chemical researches was first developed by them, and that, therefore, the year 1886 is the epochmaking era. This microbalance was so constructed that the atmosphere and temperature could be changed as desired in the entire range of pressure from atmospheric pressure to vacuum. Furthermore, for weighing continuous changes of mass, they employed a method of weighing by means of the lever of light with the object of solving various problems in physics and chemistry. With the development of this microbalance, study of density, atomic weight, adsorption, absorption, coefficient of expansion, magnetic susceptibility, vapour pressure, osmotic pressure, surface tension, viscosity, particle size distribution, chemical equilibrium, reaction velocity, etc., has become easier since that time. Teizo Ihmori was born in the Province of Hizen on August 24,1851. He went up to Tokyo in 1871,where he learned German and then taught German at the Tokyo Foreign Language School. In 1877,he became an assistant teacher in the Medical Faculty of the Tokyo University and taught physics there. Meanwhile, he translated a German book on physics into Japanese and published it for the students of his Medical Faculty as their reference books. In 1881,he became an assistant professor, and simultaneously he taught in another school. In 1884,Teizo Ihmori studied in Freiburg University in Germany, where he made a microbalance under the guidance of Prof. Warburg of the Physical Institute. Using this microbalance, he studied the phenomena of water adsorption on the surface of glass and many other substances, and contributed his article to Annalen der Physik and Chemie, Neue Folge. In March, 1886,Freiburg University awarded him the degree of Doktor der Philosophie. He further improved his microbalance, raised its sensitivity to 0.5 μg and using it, he studied the phenomena of adsorption of many substances and published his many views on the component materials of the microbalance. In 1887,he returned home and served in the Fourth High School both as a teacher and the vice principal temporarily. In the following year, he founded a private pharmaceutical school with some of his friends, and after 1893,he became professors of the abovementioned school and a girl's higher normal school. As an educator, he devoted himself solely in order to develop his students' abilities. While he was teaching physics to his students, he always wore a kindly face, and his fat body and smiling face were favourably received with good feeling. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, he was attacked by cerebral hemorrhage. Although he recovered once, he had been in poor health since then. He passed away in March, 1916 at the age of 65.
1 0 0 0 江戸時代の日本における円周率の値の逆行現象
- 著者
- 中村 邦光
- 出版者
- 日本計量史学会
- 雑誌
- 計量史研究 = Bulletin of the Society of Historical Metrology, Japan (ISSN:02867214)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.38, no.1, pp.42-48, 2016
1 0 0 0 OA 細密読み取りダイアゴナル目盛の歴史
The Diagonal Scale has been employed for the precision reading of Electrical Measuring Instruments. Having searched for the source of precision readings in the measuring such as astrolabes, Tyco's quadrant or surveying instruments which employed nonious scales, diagonal scales and micrometer driven scales in Europe, the US and Japan from the fourteen century, the author found that Edward Weston in the US employed diagonal scales for the precision electrical meters in the last half of the nineteenth century. Those precision electrical instruments with diagonal scale have been used widely in the world and were manufactured by 1980s in Japan. The author studied the small errors caused by the scale configulation and how they were corrected. He also describes some examples of instruments which employed similar precision reading scales.