著者

古瀬 奈津子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.7, pp.1147-1183,1290-, 1984

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<p>One of the more important changes which occurred in the structural plan of various imperial palaces (including the Nara palace) in ancient Japan before the construction of the Nagaoka palace in 784 is the transformation from the straight line alignment of the tenno's residence (dairi 内裏), the great hall of government (dai-goku-den 大極殿) and the government ministries (chodoin 朝堂院) to an arrangement separating the dairi and the chodoin. Previous research dealing with this change has asserted that it was brought about by the insistence on a separation of private and public interest within the government. However, such a hypothesis has yet to be proven. This essay attempts to re-investigate the related source materials and look at the problem more fundamentally. Within the Nara palace (Heijo-kyu 平城宮), 1)the palace floor plan in the same way as the former palaces of the Asuka region was designed so that every morning court status holders could gather before the tenno in the great hall, and then begin their government duties ; 2)according to Nara period law codes, the daigoku-den's gate was kept open while bureaucrats went about their duties in the chodoin ; 3)a comparison of the fifth article in the code for court decorum within the T'ang and Japanese systems shows that the Japanese code does not follow the Chinese precedent of scheduling bureaucrats' morning attendance in the great hall according to status category, indicating that functionally the daigoku-den and the dairi were yet unseparated. Therefore, we can say that from the viewpoint of the tenno, the daigoku-den functioned not only as a ceremonial place, but also as a place where the daily government duties were performed. However, according to a document reporting an imperial edict (senji 宣旨) dated 792 (Enryaku 延暦 11), a significant change in the above related custom occurred. In this document the tenno recognized the number of days which those central government bureau (dajokan 太政官) officials of fifth rank and above were to carry out their duties in the dairi. Therefore, after 792 the auditorium of the dairi became the location of the tenno's daily affairs, while the chodoin became the place where the tenno would appear for state ceremonies only. This functional specialization may be thought of as corresponding to the structural separation of the dairi and chodoin. Such a change was reflected in the plan of the Heian palace built in Kyoto in 794. As the tenno came to supervise the affairs of government in the dairi through councilors of state in the dajokan (sangi 参議) who were permitted certain work days in his presence, the rules of execution for the bureaucracy also went through various changes. First, the ceremony for reporting administrative affairs (kosaku 告朔) to the tenno in the chodoin, a ceremony which was held monthly until the end of the Nara period, became during the Heian period a symbolic ritual which was carried out at the beginning of each of the four seasons; and administrative monthly reporting was done through documents sent from various offices to dajokan. Secondly, during the Nara period on the day of the kosaku ceremony, the four member management staff (shitokan 四等官) of each office would report to the tenno their number of work days. However, from 809 (Daido 大同 4) those monthly reporting to the tenno were limited to the sangi and above. Thirdly, there was the creating of the very important position of geki 外記, the secretary of this privy council. In this way the bureaucracy, which had previously been thought of as officials "directly at hand" due to the fact of the tenno's daily appearance in the great hall, came to be considered in a more conceptual way as the mechanism consisting of administrative offices, dajokan and tenno. In other words, up until the abandonment of the Nara palace, the tenno appeared daily in the daigoku-den to supervise the affairs of</p><p>(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)</p>