著者

田上 善夫

出版者

富山大学人間発達科学部

雑誌

富山大学人間発達科学部紀要 = Memoirs of the Faculty of Human Development University of Toyama (ISSN:1881316X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.101-114, 2014-03-20

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In this study, the relation between climate environment variation and religious service was investigated.First, the shrines for the god who presides over climate were studied. Next, the present religious services concerned with climate were extracted, and their distribution maps over the whole country were drawn.Furthermore, the meaning of the religious service distribution for each climate element was analyzed. As a result, the followings were found: 1) The God concerned with climate, especially the one praying for rain, has been enshrined until the present around the mountain-foot areas of Nara and Kyoto. They are worshiped as rain god, water god or dragon god by the waterfalls and the mountain streams. 2) The traditional place for the rain gods is not the source of a river in that area. In addition, the places have changed with the times. The religious service, for a rain-praying god has its complex characteristics. They were also influenced by the central governor. 3) In religious service names, many characters concerned with climate are seen. They are for fine, rain, hot, cold, wind, water and so on. 4) Names of the religious services concerned with climate do not always show the climate phenomenon itself. In addition, it is not often the case that the god concerned with climate changes into a personified god. Except for the god of water, god of dragon, god of wind and god of thunder, the nature of the climate is indirectly indicated. 5) The number of religious services concerned with climate is different for each of the climate elements. Religious services for rain or river are few, but those for water are many. It is thought that deciding where to enshrine the god is easy in the case of water (god). 6) Distribution densities of religious services concerned with climate differ with areas. It is high in Kinki District, but low in Tokai and Nankai District. The distribution of religious services concerned with climate is not equal to the distribution of the climate phenomena itself. The former one is considered to have been influenced by the ancient religious services, such as praying for rain. 7) Among the religious services concerned with climate, the ones for water, fire or wind are especially common.The theory of Godai of the Mikkyo Buddhism, in which water, fire and wind are the three of the five elements of the universe, may have influenced it.本論では気候環境の変動と祭祀のかかわりについて,調査・分析を行った。まず天候や気候にかかわる神を祀り,その祭祀の伝えてきた神社について,調査した。次に現在も行われている気候にかかわる祭祀を抽出し,その全国的な分布を調査した。さらに気候の要素ごとに祭祀の分布を明らかにし,その分布の傾向のもつ意味について分析した。その結果,およそ以下のことが明らかになった。1) 気候にかかわる神で主要な祈雨神は,現在も奈良や京都周辺の山麓などに祀られている。いずれも滝や渓流の地であり,雨神,水神,また龍神として祀られている。2) 古代より伝わる祈雨神の地は,地域的な水源の地ではない。また時代によりその位置も変化している。祈雨神祭には複合的な性格があり,国家の影響も受けている。3) 現在行われている祭祀にも,気候にかかわる文字が含まれるものが多数ある。晴雨や寒暖に関するものがあり,さらに風や水に関するものはとくに多い。4) 祭祀の名称は,気候現象そのものではない。また人格神化される場合は限られる。水神,龍神,風神,雷神を除くと,抽象的・間接的に気候の神性が示されている。5) 気候祭祀は,要素により多少がある。雨や川は少ないのに対し,水は多い。前者に比べ後者は,神の鎮座地を直接的に比定することが容易なためと考えられる。6) 気候祭祀の分布には粗密があり,およそ関東や近畿に多く,東海や南海に少ない。気候現象の分布そのものでなく,古代の祈雨祭祀などの影響と考えられる。7) 気候祭祀の中でも,とくに水,火,風の祭祀が多い。これには陰陽の五行の影響や,とくに水,火,風を含む,密教の五大の影響が考えられる。