著者

山本 光正

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

no.36, pp.p239-254, 1991-11

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近世における関所の研究は,当然のことながら,幕府諸政策との関連で把えられている。大名統制や入鉄砲に出女に代表されるように,研究の大きな課題の一つは関所設置の目的や意義にある。こうした関所研究の傾向からみると,一般庶民男子の通行はその研究の中で占める位置は極めて小さなものである。一方庶民の旅という観点からみると,庶民男子の通行には,幕府の定めた通過方法とはかなり異なる点がみられる。庶民男子が旅をする場合,往来手形を持参し,手形の改めを受けるだけで関所を通行することができた。もしも手形を持参しない場合でも,取り調べの結果不審な点がなければ通行を許されていたことになっている。ところが旅日記をみると,しばしば関所――主に箱根関所――に手形を「提出」している記事がみられる。提出しているのは往来手形とは別のもののようである。このことを裏付けるように,やはり旅日記には旅の途中で手形を作成・発行してもらっている記述がよくみられる。特に多いのが江戸の旅宿である。東国の人々の多くは伊勢参宮の際江戸に入り,1~2泊して伊勢に向かうが,その際旅宿で手形の発行をしてもらっている。右のような関所手形についての幕府,関所側の記録は極めて少ないようである。このような関所手形について,かろうじて『箱根御関所日記書抜』に途中手形という名称で記されている。その内容も旅の途中での手形発行を禁じたものである。このような手形が自然発生的に成立したとはとても考えられない。恐らく何らかの理由により一時的にとった処置が,途中手形に姿を変え尾を引きずり,これを旅籠屋が利用したのであろう。いずれにせよ庶民男子が関所を通過する時,旅の途中で発行してもらった手形を関所に提出したことは事実として認めざるを得ない。The study of the barrier stations in the Early Modern Period has been, as a matter of course, understood in its relationship to the policies of the Tokugawa Shogunate, as typically seen in the control of the Daimyo (feudal lords), the bringing in of weapons, and women coming out (from Edo, where wives of Daimyo were kept hostage), one of the important subjects of studies lies in the significance of the establishment of barrier stations.Considering this leaning in the study of the barrier stations, passage by men of the common class receives little attention.On the other hand, from the viewpoint of the common people, the passage of barrier stations by men of the common class was considerally different from the manner stipulated by the Shogunate. When a man of common class went on a trip, he carried a traffic bill called "Orai-Tegata", and could pass barriers only on being checked for the bill. Even if he did not possess a bill, if he was not doubted in an interrogation, he would have been permitted to pass the barrier station.When reading travel diaries, however, I often find passages referring to the "filing" of a bill to a barrier station―mostly to that at Hakone. It seems to have been something different from the ordinary traffic bill. In support of these passages, other passages in travel diaries include descriptions of the preparation and issuance of bills during the course of a journey. This was most frequent in travellers' lodges in Edo.People in eastern Japan, on their way to the Ise Shrine, entered Edo and stayed there one or two days before continuing their journey again. At that time, they had the bill issued at their lodge.It seems these bills for passing the station were rarely described in the records of the Shogunate or barrier station. They are mentioned only as "Tochu-Tegata" (part-way bill) in a document called "Extract of Hakone Station Daily Report". The content of this document was a prohibition of the issuance of this type of bill in the course of a journey.It is unbelievable that such a bill came into being spontaneously. It is probable that a temporary measure, which had been taken for some reason, survived in the form of Tochu Tegata.In any case, it was an obvious fact that men of the common class filed a bill which was issued in the course of their trip, in order to pass a barrier station.