著者

白石 太一郎

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

no.50, pp.p141-164, 1993-02

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伊勢神宮の社殿は20年に一度建て替えられる。この式年遷宮に際しては建物だけではなく,神の衣装である装束や持物である神宝類も作り替えられる。アマテラスを祭る内宮の神宝には「玉纒太刀」と呼ばれる大刀がある。近年調進される玉纒太刀は多くの玉類を散りばめた豪華な唐様式の大刀であるが,これは10世紀後半以降の様式である。『延喜式』によって知ることができるそれ以前の様式は,環のついた逆梯形で板状の柄頭(つかがしら)をもつ柄部に,手の甲を護るための帯をつけ,おそらく斜格子文にガラス玉をあしらった鞘をもったもので,金の魚形装飾がともなっていたらしい。一方,関東地方の6世紀の古墳にみられる大刀形埴輪は,いずれも逆梯形で板状の柄頭の柄に,三輪玉のついた手の甲を護るための帯をもち,鞘尻の太くなる鞘をもつものである。後藤守一は早くからこの大刀形埴輪が,『延喜式』からうかがえる玉纏太刀とも多くの共通点をもつことを指摘していた。ただそうした大刀の拵えのわかる実物資料がほとんど知られていなかったため,こうした大刀形埴輪は頭椎大刀を形式化して表現したものであろうと推定していた。1988年に奈良県藤ノ木古墳の石棺内から発見された5口の大刀のうち,大刀1,大刀5は,大刀形埴輪などから想定していた玉纒太刀の様式を具体的に示すものとして注目される。それは捩り環をつけた逆梯形で板状の柄頭をもち,柄には金銅製三輪玉をつけた手を護るための帯がつく。また太い木製の鞘には細かい斜格子文の透かしのある金銅板を巻き,格子文の交点にはガラス玉がつけられている。さらにそれぞれに金銅製の双魚佩がともなっている。それは基本的な様式を大刀形埴輪とも共通にする倭風の拵えの大刀であり,まさに玉纒太刀の原形と考えてさしつかえないものである。こうした梯形柄頭大刀やそれに近い系統の倭風の大刀には,金銅製の双魚佩をともなうものがいくつかある。6世紀初頭の大王墓に準じるクラスの墓と考えられる大阪府峯ケ塚古墳でも双魚佩をともなう倭風の大刀が3口出土している。6世紀は環頭大刀や円頭大刀など朝鮮半島系の拵えの大刀やその影響をうけた大刀の全盛期であるが,畿内の最高支配者層の古墳では倭風の大刀が重視され,また古墳に立てならべる埴輪につくられるのもすべてこの倭風の大刀であった。大王の祖先神をまつる伊勢神宮の神宝の玉纒太刀がこの伝統的な倭風の様式の大刀にほかならないことは,6・7世紀の倭国の支配者層が,積極的に外来の文化や技術を受入れながらも,なお伝統的な価値観を保持しようとしていたことを示す一つの事例として興味ふかい。The buildings of the Ise Shrine are rebuilt every 20 years. At this periodical renewal of the shrine, not only the buildings, but also costumes, considered the costumes of the gods, and treasures, the belongings of the gods, are also remade. Among the sacred treasures of the Naikū 内宮, which is devoted to the Amateras 天照大神, there is a long sword called the Tamamaki no Tachi 玉纒太刀 (Gem-Covered Sword). The Tamamaki no Tachi that have been dedicated to the shrine in recent years are of the T'ang 唐 style of the after second half of the 10th century. In the preceding style, which can be known from the "Engi Shiki" 『延喜式』 (code established in the Engi era), the sword seems to have had a hilt with reversed-trapezoidal, plate-type pommel with a ring, a band to protect the back of the hand, and a sheath, probably with skew latticed pattern, glass beads and golden fish ornaments.On the other hand, every sword-shaped haniwa 埴輪 excavated from burial mounds of the 6th century in the Kanto District has a hilt with a reverse-trapezoidal, plate-type pommel, a band with Miwadama 三輪玉 (gem with three round bulges) to protect the back of hand, and a sheath thicker towards the end. GOTŌ Moriichi has pointed out that this sword-shaped haniwa had many features in common with the Tamamaki no Tachi depicted in the "Engi Shiki". Since there are very few real materials to show the ornamentation of this type of sword, the sword-shaped haniwa were supposed to have been a formalization of a Kabutsuchi-no-Tachi 頭椎大刀 (sword with bulbous pommel).Among the five swords discovered in the stone coffin of the Fujinoki Kofun 藤ノ木古墳, Nara Prefecture, in 1988, Swords No.1 and No.5 attract our attention as they represent definitely the style of the Tamamaki no Tachi imagined from the sword-shaped haniwa, etc. These swords had reversed-trapezoidal, plate-type pommels with twisted rings, bands to protect the back of hand, with gilt-bronze Miwadama on their hilts. Their thick wooden sheaths were wrapped in gilt-bronze plates of fine skew-latticed-pattern openwork, ornamented with glass beads on the intersecting points of the latticed pattern. They had furthermore twin fish-shaped ornaments in gilt bronze. They were Wa 倭 style swords, the basic style of which was the same as that of the sword-shaped haniwa, and they can be considered the prototypes of the Tamamaki no Tachi.A number of these swords with trapezoidal pommels and other Wa-style swords of a close line are adorned with the gilt-bronze twin-fish ornaments. Two Wa-style swords with twin-fish ornaments were excavated from the Minegazuka Kofun 峯ヶ塚古墳, in Osaka, considered the grave of one of a rank equivalent to that of an Daiō 大王 of the early 6th century. In the 6th century, swords from the Korean Peninsular and others bearing their influence, for example, Kantō no Tachi 環頭大刀 (ring-pommeled sword) and Entō no Tachi 円頭大刀 (sword with rounded pommels) were most popular. However, for the kofun of the highest ruling class in the Kinai Region, importance was placed on the Wa-style of sword and all the sword-shaped haniwa placed on the kofun were of the Wa-style. The very fact that the Tamamaki no Tachi, a sacred treasure of the Ise Shrine which is dedicated to the ancestral goddess of the Daiō, is of this traditional Wa style, is an interesting fact showing that the ruling class of Wa from the 6th to 7th centuries tried to maintain their traditional values, while at the same time positively accepting foreign culture and skills.