著者

西谷 大

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, pp.407-422, 2003-10

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日本列島において,ブタは大陸からもたらされた可能性が高い。しかしブタを農耕に取り込むといった特異な循環システムをもつ中国的集約農耕は,弥生時代およびそれ以降の日本の歴史においても,琉球列島を除いた日本列島には存在しなかった。またブタ自体も奈良時代以降は飼養しなくなるという歴史をもつ。本稿ではこの問題を,海南島のブタ飼養の歴史と,黎族のブタを重要視しない生業システムと比較しながら論じた。海南島において,黎族がブタを日常的に飼養するのは明代に至ってからだと考えられる。その要因は海南島における大陸からの漢族移住による人口圧のためのブタ肉の需要拡大が背景にあり,黎族とっては鉄製品や塩の交換品としてのブタの付加価値が,ブタ飼養を受容した要因だったと推測できる。しかし黎族は,中国的集約農耕によるブタ飼養方法は受容しなかった。そのかわりに,水田,焼畑,狩猟採集,家畜といった生業を複合的に維持しつづけた。その特徴は,焼畑という自然界に作られた「大きな罠」を利用し,野生動物を日常的に狩猟するシステムを農耕内部に作り上げたことにあった。これが人為的な循環システムに頼る中国的集約農耕とは大きく異なる点であり,またブタをそれほど重視しない生業を維持することが可能な要因だったと考えられる。琉球列島を除く日本列島の農耕は,海南島の黎族と同様に中国的集約農耕へと向かわなかっただけでなく,大陸の中国的集約農耕が卓越する地域ではすでに消滅した焼畑を,戦後の1970年代までおこないつづけた。日本列島における焼畑がどこまで遡るかは今後の研究課題であるが,日本のブタ飼養の問題をとりあげる場合,焼畑が有する野生動物の多様な利用に注目する必要があろう。There is a strong possibility that pigs were brought to the Japanese archipelago from the continent. However, the Chinese style of intensive agriculture with a singular rotational system that incorporated pigs into agriculture did not, with the exception of the Ryukyu Islands, exist in Japan during the Yayoi period or any later period in Japanese history. History also tells us that the raising of pigs ceased after the Nara period. This paper studies this question by comparing the history of pig farming on Hainan Island with the livelihood systems of the Li tribe that did not pay particular attention to pigs.It is believed that it wasn't until the Ming period that the Li tribe on Hainan Island began to raise pigs as part of their everyday lives. The reason for this is connected to the increase in demand for pork generated by population pressure on Hainan Island and it may be surmised that the acceptance of pig farming by the Li tribe is attributable to the added value that pigs had as goods that could be exchanged for iron products and salt.However, the Li tribe did not introduce a method of pig farming that follows the Chinese style of intensive agriculture. Instead, they continued to maintain livelihoods that involved wet rice paddies, slash-and-burn fields, hunting and gathering and domesticated livestock. The distinguishing feature of this style of livelihood was the use of "large traps" that were built in slash-and-burn fields that are part of the natural world, and the way they created a system for the daily trapping of wild animals within their agricultural system. This is vastly different from the Chinese style of intensive agriculture that relied on a man-made rotational system, and is believed to be one factor that made it possible to maintain a way of life that did not pay much attention to pigs.Not only was the Japanese archipelago, with the exception of the Ryukyu Islands, the same as Hainan Island in that it did not turn to the Chinese style of intensive agriculture, but slash-and-burn fields that had already disappeared from regions where the continental Chinese style of intensive agriculture had been prominent continued to be used after the Second World War up until the 1970s. The question of just how far back slash-and-burn fields date in the Japanese archipelago is a topic for future research, and the diverse utilization of nature in slash-and-burn fields is an aspect that deserves attention.